الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was undertaken to evaluate the potential protective effects of ginger against the reproductive toxicity induced by diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) on semen characteristics, biochemical parameters, the activities of antioxidant enzyme, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), the levels of hormones and minerals in plasma, testes and seminal plasma of male rabbits. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into four equal groups (each five rabbits). The first group was used as control and received an equivalent volume of corn oil alone. The second group was used to study the effect of ginger (100 mg/kg body weight) and the third group was used to study the effect of diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP; 500 mg/kg body weight). The fourth group was used to study the effect of ginger plus diethylhexylphthalate. Animals were treated orally daily for 12 week.
The obtained results can be summarized as follow:
1- Diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) significantly decreased body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and water intake and relative weight of testes.
2- Treatment with diethylhexylphthalate caused significant decrease in sperm concentration, total sperm output (TSO), ejaculate volume (EV), sperm motility (%), normal sperm, total motile sperm (TMS), total functional sperm fraction (TFSF) and packed sperm volume (PSV). While, it caused significant increase in dead sperm, semen initial fructose (IF), semen initial hydrogen ion concentration (pH) and reaction time (RT).
3- Diethylhexylphthalate significantly decreased the concentrations of plasma, seminal plasma and testes total protein (TP) and caused changes in lipid profile in plasma, seminal plasma and testes.
4- Diethylhexylphthalate caused significant increase in the activities of Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations in plasma, seminal plasma and testes. While, it caused significant decrease in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AcP). On the other hand, DEHP caused significant decrease in the activities of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma and testes.
5- Treatment with DEHP caused significant decrease in the level of testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin hormone (T4). While, it caused significant increase in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma.
6- Diethylhexylphthalate caused significant decrease in the testes homogenates copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) levels.
7- Ginger alone caused increase in BW, FI and water intake. Also, it caused significant increased in testes weight.
8- Ginger alone caused significant increase in sperm concentration, TSO, EV, sperm motility (%), TMS, TFSF, PSV and normal sperm, while caused significant decrease in dead sperm, IF, pH and RT.
9- Ginger alone caused significant increase in total protein, and caused changes in lipid profile in plasma, seminal plasma and testes compared to control.
10- Ginger alone caused a significant decrease in the activities of Aspartate transaminase (AST), Alanine transaminase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations in plasma, seminal plasma and testes. While, it caused increase in the activities of alkaline phosphatase (AlP) and acid phosphatase (AcP). On the other hand, ginger caused significant increase in the activities of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma and testes.
11- Ginger alone caused significant increase in the level of testosterone, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxin hormone (T4). While, it caused significant decrease in follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in plasma.
12- Treatment with ginger alone caused significant increase in the testes homogenates copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) levels.
13- The presence of ginger with diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) caused increase in the reduction of BW, FI, water intake and testes weights compared to DEHP group. This means that ginger had protective effect against the toxicity of DEHP on these parameters.
14- Treatment of ginger with DEHP caused increase in the reduction of sperm concentration, TSO, EV, sperm motility (%), TMS, TFSF, normal sperm, PSV and seminal plasma enzymes. Also, caused decrease in the induction of dead sperm, pH, RT, IF and LDH in seminal plasma due to treatment with DEHP.