الفهرس 
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Abstract
in this thesis we present the results of a two-part research on optical power splitters. This work has concentrated on techniques to reduce radiation losses in 3-dB Y -junctions and fiber optical taps. A new design for the 3-dB Y -junction integrated optic incorporating curved waveguides at the Y -junction which is independent of all physical dimensions of the Y -j unction is discussed. The design is controlled by the cosine function which provides for a straightforward optimization of the waveguide curvatures. A further advantage is a decrease in radiation loss at the field branching region of the Y branch. Modelling of this Y-junction design has been done with the beam propagation method. The guided power in the Y -junction has been calculated and plotted for many cases under study. where in each case the Y -junction is defined by its physical dimensions and refractive-index distribution. Studies on single-mode and multimode applications are included, and the proposed Y -j unction design is compared with a conventional YYjunction design having the same cross-section dimensions and refractive-index distribution. The output power after the splitting process from the two designs are compared in each case. This comparison has demonstrated that radiation loss for the proposed design is low compared to the conventional design. Finally, the study has described the use of the proposed Y -j unction design in optical applications which need 3-dB power splitters and combiners.
The second part of this thesis consists of an experimental study of fiber optical taps. It is important to tap light from the optical fiber efficiently, i.e. with little excess radiation loss. This focused the rescue to the simple solution of embedding a plane mirror.