الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
The aim of the present study was to find the most effective, safe,
ease of use and economic control measures against the housefly Musca
domestica under the local Egyptian conditions. The study was carried out
in Ismailia Governorate which included Ismailia City, four poultry farms,
two animal farms and the veterinary unit.
The preliminary laboratory studies resulted in choosing the five
products which needed for the field trials. Such products were Alfacron
SB, Alfacron 10 WP, Snip lRB (a.i. Azamethiphos, Thiophosphorester)
against adult flies, Larvadex and Neporex WSG (Atrazine group a.i
cyromazine, IGR) against the fly larvae. Other laboratory studies proved
that Alfacron 10 WP was the most potent compou nd against the adult fly
among the five tested products since 100% mortal ity was achieved after
20 min from exposure. Snip lRB ranked second with 100% mortality
occurring after 40 min, followed by Alfacron SB (50 min) and Golden
Malrin (60 min). On the other hand Baygon SB did not show complete
mortality of hou eflies since its maximum mortality was 57.5% after 60
min. The effect of degree of scattering of baits on fixed area was studied
in the laboratory and showed that the le s scattering resulted in better
efficacy. Laboratory tests also proved that moistening the fly baits
prolonged the efficacy period of the three tested product from 3 to 6
weeks in ca e of Alfacron SB, from 4 to 7 week for Snip IRE and from
7 to 9 weeks in ca e of Alfacron 10 WP.
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Field trials showed that the most suitable time to apply scatterbaits
In the field ranged between 8-11 a.m. and 4-5 p.m. trials also showed that
the presence of dead flies with the insecticide bait significantly increased
the degree of attraction of flies to baits. It is proved that dead flies act
as an attractant factor in addition to used bait. The number of flies
attracted to the bait when dead flies were not removed was as 3 times as
the number of flies attracted to the bait alone in two hours.
Fly control in the fish market using Alfacron SB achieved a drastic
DROP in indoor fly population after the first application and remained
around 1-3 flies/trap/day following the 2nd-4th application. The outdoor
fly density during the period of the three hours following each application
showed a fast DROP in the fly density when estimated by the modified
Grid. When taking In consideration the average of both outdoor and
indoor fly density measured by the Grid, the same trend of fast drastic
d rap in fly density was noted after each appl ication.
A large scale fly control trial took place in Ismailia City by using
Alfacron SB as hand broadcast at 10 g/m2. Re ul ts of the trial showed a
gradual decrease in fly density which could be detected immediately
following the Ist. application (April 87). Starting from the 2nd to 4th
application, a constant reduction in fly density was noted. This reduction
was maintained at the minimum level till the end of the experiment in
ov. 1987. The cost analysis of such control measure showed a cost
reduction of about 50% when compared with the other conventional fly
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control programme. Bearing in mind that fly density was maintained at
the minimum level in addition to safety and ease of use, it could be
concluded that the method of Alfacron SB was a successful and economic
new approach fly control in Isrnailia City.
Experiments in poultry farms in 1986 using three different control
methods in three separate farms, i.e. Alfacron SB (Badr farm), feed
through by Larvadex (Abdel Khalik farm) and conventional space spray
(Al-Ferdan farm) proved promising throughout the whole experiment
period as regards the fly density. Also experiments of 1987 showed good
fly control in Badr farm by using 4 applications of Snip 1RB during the
whole fly season. The integrated fly control by Larvadex/Snip lRB
carried out in the same year in Abdel Khal ik farm proved to be the most
successful method of application which revealed in a significant reduction
of fly density and was maintained without almost any increase. When cost
of treatments was considered for all methods in poultry farms, the values
was arranged in an ascending order according to the cost/bird as follows,
Ifacron SB (LE. 0.010), Snip lRB (LE. 0.018) Larvadex feed through
(LE. 0.045), Larvadex/Snip (LE. 0.056) and conventional space spray
method (LE. 0.09). As regards the efficiency% of uch control methods it
could be averaged in the same ascending order a follows; conventional
(54.5%), Larvadex (56%), Alfacron SB (63%), Snip lRB 66%) and
integrated Larvadex/Snip IRB (90%). This analysis en ured that
integrated control experiment wa the mo t succe ful approach for fly
control among the different techniques te ted within the pre ent study.
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Fly control experiments In animal farms in 1986 included larval
control only by using the lOR Neporex in Soly farm and adult control
only be using Alfacron 10 WP in the veterinary unit. When Neporex was
used, results indicated that the first application was not sufficient to bring
the fly population down as compered with the control area. It needed 10
applications during the period April-October to bring the fly density down
to the acceptable level when animal dung remained unremoved for the
whole fly season. On the other hand it needed fewer number of
applications when used Alfacron 10 WP as paint in the veterinary unit to
induce significant reduction in fly density. The first two applications were
enough to bring the fly density down to its minimum while the other two
applications were only needed to keep the fly density at the minimum
level without almost unrecognized peaks of abundance.
An integrated housefly control Neporex/ Alfacron 10 was carried out
III Soly farm during the fly season of 1987. The re ults obtained from this
experiment revealed good reduction of fly den ity as well as reducing
numbers and rates of application of both compounds when used
eparately during 1986 experiments. It was clear that only three
applications from each compound were sufficient to control flies and to
deal with any fly peaks throughout a period extending for about 7
months.
A proposed bait trap was designed to be used where existence of
dead flies is unaccepted in orne place. Results howed that the number
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of flies died inside the device ranged between 83.52% and 94.59% which
is very convenient to be used in many places. On the other hand the bait
trap remained effective for about 6-7 weeks.
Results of residues studies of cyromazine (IGR-Feed through) in
main tissues in hens when injected intracrop and intramuscular, indicated
that more than 90% of the injected dose has already dissipated one week
post application. Results have also suggested that accumulation of
cyromazine in muscles (breast) is of less magnitude In comparison to its
accumulation in the fat tissue or the liver.
The study included some recommendations for fly control measures in
different locations i.e. municipalities, cities, premises, poultry farms,
animal farms and other indoor and outdoor fly control under the
Egyptian conditions.