الفهرس 
Clinical presentation of testicular tumorsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The clinical significance of grem cell tumors is that most of them occur in the 20 to 50 year age group and thus affect men in the most productive years of their life. However, major advances in the chemotherapy for men with these previously, often incurable tumors have been made , and a 5- year survival rate of close to 90% has been reached for most men with NSGCT of the testes ( Einhorn, 1999). Previously this could be achieved only for seminomas, which are radiosensitive.
Recent interest in the etiology of GCT has highlighted a number of common and wide spread environmental features that may prove to increase the risk of GCT in men. However , further investigations will be required in this area. By contrast, the treatment of GCT overall has not changed a great deal in the last five years, although there is a trend toward more frequent use of chemotherapy in the earlier stages. The longe term risk and toxicities of such treatment will require careful postoperative evaluation given our limited knowledge of the effect of many of the chemotherapeutic agents used.
As outlined above a few major surgical controversies still exist. First the benefits and risks of contralateral testicular biopsy and second the correct identification of residual masses containing undifferentiated or mature teratoma which require surgical removal .
A further surgical conundrum is the benefits of orchidopexy to prevent the development of GCT, this situation might be explained by the fact that adverse histological changes start to appear in the maldescended testis at age 2 years. So it might be only orchidopexy done at a very young age can reduce risk