الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
This investigation was carried out for studying propagation ability of
two fruit species by two independent parts, the first one with stem cuttings
in a greenhouse which is belonging to Horticultural Research Institute,
Ministry of Agriculture, Giza Governorate. The second part which in vitro
multiplication through tissue culture technique at tissue culture laboratory
of Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Zagazig
University, Benha Branch during the successive seasons of 1995 - 96 and
1996 - 97 for both Taymour mango and Curtis pecan species.
Part I - stem cuttings:
Possibility of producing standard nursery plants (survived rooted
cuttings) through enhancing rooting ability in cuttings of such important
fruit species by applying some preplanting treatments and collection time
were the main purpose of Taymour mango and Curtis pecan cuttings
under mist conditions during 1995 - 96 and 1996 - 97 seasons was studied.
Hence, the wounding and dipping in various concentrations of IBA and
vitamin mixture either combined with date of cutting preparation was the
investigated factors in this concern. Moreover, changes in some chemical
components namely : phenols and indoles in cuttings were also determined
to find out the relationship between their level as affected by collection
dates from one hand and possibility or difficulty to root from the other.
In addition anatomical studies were also carried out for the basal
portion cuttings of both species to through some lights on the initiation of
root promidia and difficults may reflected negatively either on their
initiation or penetration through tissues of cuttings. The following
treatments were carried out in mother trees as follows :
1- Sprayingsmango and pecan trees with ethrel at 250 ppm a week prior
to cutting preparation.
2- Etiolation the main branches for mango and pecan trees with black
po1yethe1eneplastic a month prior to cutting preparation.
3- Spraying mango and pecan trees with pp333 at 1000 p.p.m In a
previous summer(June) to cuttings preparation.
4- Some trees from mango and pecan left without any treatment as a
general control.
Leafy cuttings (2 leaves leach) with 20.0 em. Length and 5.0mm
diameter were prepared from semihardwood shoots collected at four dates
(March, May, June and October) and three dates (May, June and July) for
Taymour mango and Curtis pecan species, respectively. A factorial
experiment was conducted including 56 and 42 treatments for mango and
pecan, respectively i.e. combinationsbetween 4 or 3 collecting dates from
one hand and 14 preplanting applications of dipping the wounded or unwounded
cuttings in (water, IBA at 1000,2500, 5000, 7500 and 10000
ppm as well as vitamin mixture )from the other . The treated cuttings
devoted for investigating growth parameters response were planted
separately in plastic boxes contained sand and peatmoss at 2 : 1 by
volume. The different treatments ”combinations” were arranged in a
randomized complet block design as each treatment was replicatd three
times and every replicate was represented by 10 cuttings and planted
under mist propagation. Meanwhile, other smaller box was devoted for
planting treated cuttings needed for anatomical studies. Data of some
rooting measurements viz. 1 - percentage of rooted cuttings, 2- Number of
roots I cutting, 3 - Average root length (em), 4 - Number of shoots I
cutting; 5 _ Average shoot length (cm). 6 - Number of leaves I cutting were
recorded 14 weeks later from planting date. Since, all planted cuttings in
boxes were carefully taken off and the aforesaid six parameters were
irrunediately detennined. Moreover, all succeeded rooted cuttings were
counted and transplanted individually each in polyethylene bag filled with
a mixture of peatmoss and sand at equal proportions (v: v). Such rooted
cuttings were allowed to grow for 12 weeks from transplanting in order to
carrying out the other growth measurement (servival percentage).
The obtained results in this work could be summarized as follows :
Mango:
I _ Changes in chemical constituent of Taymour mango cuttings as
affected by collecting date and treatment of mother tree :
a- Total phenols content.
1- Concerning the specific effect of collecting date on total phenol
content, May and June collected cuttings contained significantly the lowest
level when compared with other collection times during the two seasons of
study.
2- With respect to the specific effect of treatment of mother tree, the
obtained data showed that both etiolation and ethrel treatments greately
decreased total phenols content while PP333 increased it when compared
with control during the study.
3- A significant interaction between collected dates and treatments
of mother tree, where, treated mother tree with PP333 and October
collected cuttings showed the highest value of total phenols. Meanwhile,
treated mother tree with etiolaton and May collected cuttings contained
significantly the lowest level of total phenols during the two seasons of
study.
b- Total indoles content:
1- As for the specific effect of collecting date on total indoles
content, it is clear that May and June collected cuttings contained
significantly the highest value while October collected cuttings showed the
lowest value during the two season of study.
2- Concerning the specific effect of treatment of mother tree, the
obtained results showed that ethrel treatment significantly increased total
indole content while sprayed mother tree with PP333 treatment had the
lowest value in this respect during the two seasons of study.
3- A significant interaction was found between collecting dates and
mother tree treatments, where, treated mother tree with ethrel and
collected cuttings in May gave the highest value of total indoles while the
reverse was true when cuttings were collected from treated mother tree
with PP333 in October during the study.
II M Vegetative growth measurements :
In this respect, growth parameters is response to both investigated
factors namely treated mother tree, collecting date of cuttings and some
preplanting treatments of wounding and dipping in water and lBA or
vitamin mixture as well as their conbinations were measured twice i.e. 14
weeks from planting (rooting aspects) and 12 weeks from transplanting
(survival percentage).
Rooting aspects (14 weeks from planting):
a- Rooting percentage and number of roots per cuttings :
(1) As for specific effect of investigated factors, it was quite evident
that treated mother tree with ethrel or etiolation treatments were more
suitable than PP333 or control treatments. (2) In addition, May collection
followed by October were more suitable than both June or March, (3)
while dipping in IBA at 10.000 ppm and wounded cuttings were the most
effective preplanting treatments. (4) On the other hand, combinations of
(etiolation x March, Mayor October - collected cuttings x wounding
preceeding dipping in IBA at 10.000 ppm) and those between (ethrel x
Mayor October -collected cutting x wounding application +dipping in
IBA at 10000 ppm) resulted in the highest rooting percentage. While the
reverse was true with those treated mother trees with water or PP333 x
wounded or unwounded cutting x dipping in IBA at 1000 ppm or vitamin
mixture.
b- Average root and shoot length :
1- Regarding the specific effect of treated mother trees, collecting
date and preplanting treatment, data obtained revealed that etiolated
mother plant treatment gave the highest average root and shoot length as
compared with control during the study. (2) In addition, both March and
October collected cuttings exhibited the greatest value of root length while
May and June collected cuttings exhibited the maximum average shoot
length. (3) On the other hand, wounding application and dipping in IBA at
10000 ppm were the superior preplanting treatments in this respect. (4) As
for the interaction effect, obtained results showed that combinations of
etiolated or sprayed mother tree with ethrel, dipping the wounded - March
collected cuttings in IBA at 10.000 ppm were the superior ones in
comparison with others as the average length of initiated roots and shoots
per cutting was concerned.
c- Number of shoots and leaves:
(1) Concerning the specific effect of treatment of mother tree,
collecting date and preplanting treatments on number of shoots and leaves
1 cutting, data obtained declared that spryaed mother tree with ethrel
exhibited the greatest number of both shoots and leaves / cutting from one
hand, (2) while June and May collection gave the greatest number of
leaves and shoots / cutting, respectively. (3) On the other hand, dipping in
IBA at 10.000 was the superior preplanting treatment from the other in this
respect. (4) Moreover, the combination between sprayed mother trees with
PP333 and June collected cuttings as well as preplanting treatment of
dipping in lEA at 7500 or 10000 ppm with wounding showed the most
pronounced interaction effect as induced the greatest number of shoots
during the two seasons of study. In addition treated mother tree with ethrel
and both May and June collected cuttings as well as preplanting treatment
of dipping in IBA at 7500 and 10000 or vitamin mixture with wounding
produced the greatest number of leaves / cutting during the study.
Growth parameters of survived rooted cuttings (12 weeks from
transplanting).
Second growth measuring was done 12 weeks from transplanting
the rooted cuttings i.e., followed the aforesaid measurement of rooting
aspect included survival percentage.
d- Survival percentage:
1- Regarding specific effect of both investigated factors i.e., mother
tree treatment, collecting date and preplanting treatments, data obtained
revealed that the highest survival percentage of Taymour mango rooted
cuttings was closely related to ethrel mother tree treatment, followed by
PP333 sprayed trees. (2) Moreover, June and October collected cuttings
showed the highest value of survival percentage. (3) In addition, dipping in
IBA either at 10000 ppm or 7500 ppm was the most desirable preplanting
treatments as resulted statitically in the highest survival percentage of
Taymour mango rooted cutting, however, higher lBA concentration was
more effective in this regard.
(4)As for the interaction effect, it was so clear that the combinations
between etiolated or sprayed mother tree with PP333 and collected cutting
in March or May from one hand and dipping in rnA at 7500 or 10000 ppm
with wounding the bases cutting from the other were the superior
treatments as resulted in higher survival percentages.
III- Anatomical studies:
Adeventitious roots in the stem cuttings of mango initiated from the
outer layers of pith parenchyma. The development of root primordia was
more observed between 4 to 8 weeks after planting. The lignified cells at
the inner layer of the cortex surrounding the tips of root primordia
constituted an anatomical barrier to rooting. By the time, xylem and
phleom tissues were still distinguished in the developing roots.
Pecan:
I _Changes III chemical constituents of Curtis pecan cuttings as
affected by both mother tree treannent and collection date :
a- Total phenols content:
1- Concerning the specific effect of collecting date on total phenols
content, May collected cuttings contained significantly the lowest values
when compared with two other collecting dates during the two seasons of
study.
2- With respect to the specific effect of treated mother tree, the
obtained data showed that etiolated mother tree treatment greately
decreased total phenols content while sprayed the trees with PP333
increased it when compared with the control during the study.
3- A significant interaction between collected dates and treated
mother trees, where, etiolated trees and both May and July collected
cuttings showed the lowest value of total phenols. Meanwhile, treated
mother trees with PP333 and July - Collected cuttings contained
significantly the highest value of total phenoles during the two seasons of
study.
b- Total indoles content:
1- As for the specific effect of collecting date on total indoles
content, it is clear that May collected cuttings contained significantly the
highest value while July collecting date showed the lowest value during
the two seasons of study.
2- Conceming the specific effect of treated mother trees, the
obtained results showed that etiolated mother trees or sprayed with ethrel
significantly increased total indole content while sprayed mother tree with
PP333 had the lowest value in this concern during first and second season.
3- A significant interaction was found between collecting dates and
mother tree treatments, where etiolated mother tree and collected cuttings
in May gave the highest value of total indoles while the reverse was true
when treated mother tree with PP333 and June collected cuttings during
the study.
II - Vegetative growth measurements:
Rooting percentage, average root and shoot length, number of roots,
shoots, and leaves Icutting were the growth parameters involved in this
regard. While.Curtis pecan rooted cuttings failed to survive.