الفهرس 
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Abstract
7. SUMMARY
One hundred and twenty oil samples were collected randomly from different places of Assiut governorate, Egypt over one year from March 2010 to March 2011 including both fresh (corn, sunflower and oil supply, 30 samples of each) and falafel shops (20 samples) & fish goods (10 samples) oil samples. The thirty fresh oil supply samples were analyzed after equally frying of falafel or fish for one time. Seven fresh oil samples were heated after intervals time (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min). The samples were taken in clean dry wide mouth glass bottles and transported under refrigerator conditions to the laboratory for estimation of Pb, Cd and Cu levels. The metal analysis of the samples was carried out in the Central Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Egypt. All oil samples were analyzed for detection and/or measurement of Pb, Cd and Cu by using of ZEEnit 700P Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer with Graphite Furnace Unite (AASG) (Perkin-Elmer Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry model 2380, USA).
The obtained results can be summarized as follow:
1. Incidence and levels of Pb, Cd and Cu in fresh oil samples:
• The incidence in corn oil samples were 13.3, 23.3 and 13.3% of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 0.118, 0.215 and 0.278 mg/kg; respectively.
• The incidence in sunflower oil samples were 16.7, 40.0 and 6.7 % of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 0.211, 0.195 and 0.167 mg/kg; respectively.
• The incidence in fresh oil supply samples were 20.0, 13.3 and 10.0 % of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 0.426, 0.143 and 1.730 mg/kg; respectively.
2. Incidence and levels of Pb, Cd and Cu in falafel shops & fish goods oil samples:
• The incidence in falafel shops oil samples were 100, 100 and 25% of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 1.990, 0.300 and 5.476 mg/kg; respectively.
• The incidence in fish goods oil samples were 100, 100 and 40% of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 2.030, 0.806 and 5.135 mg/kg; respectively.
3. Incidence and levels of Pb, Cd and Cu in oil supply samples after frying falafel & fish for one time:
• The incidence in oil supply samples after frying falafel for one time were 13.3, 13.3 and 6.7% of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 0.147, 0.219 and 0.345 mg/kg; respectively.
• The incidence in oil supply samples after frying fish for one time were 26.7, 26.7 and 13.3% of Pb, Cd and Cu; respectively. While the average levels were 0.736, 0.241 and 2.704 mg/kg; respectively.
4. Effect of adequate heat treatment of fresh oil supply samples on lead levels:
• The level of Pb in control samples was increased from non detected to 0.590, 0.700, 0.790, 0.950 and 1.110 mg\kg after heating oil samples for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min; respectively. While, the standards samples (1), (2) & (3) were increased from 0.400 to 1.530, 1.610, 1.740, 1.840 & 1.980; 1.580,1.670, 1.780, 1.940 & 2.130 and 1.590, 1.710, 1.840, 1.930 & 2.150 mg/kg; respectively after heating oil samples at the same time intervals.
• The level of Pb in positive samples (1) & (3) was increased from 0.052 to 1.470, 1.560, 1.650, 1.770 & 1.920 and 1.400, 1.700, 1.930, 2.100 & 2.190; respectively, while the positive sample (2) the level was increased from 2.185 to 3.270, 3.410, 3.490, 3.620 & 3.740; respectively after heating oil samples at the same intervals of time.
5. Effect of adequate heat treatment of fresh oil supply samples on cadmium levels:
• The level of Cd in control samples was increased from non detected to 1.070, 1.250, 1.490, 1.650 and 1.910 mg\kg after heating oil samples for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min; respectively. While, the standards samples (1), (2) & (3) were increased from 0.400 to 4.230, 5.010, 6.120, 6.910 & 8.120; 4.710, 5.640, 6.590, 7.430 & 8.720 and 4.920, 5.820, 6.740, 7.520 & 8.910 mg/kg; respectively after heating oil samples at the same time intervals
• The level of Cd in positive samples (1) was increased from 0.075 to 1.420, 1.700, 1.980, 2.290 & 2.640 mg/kg, while the positive sample (2) the level was increased from 0.406 to 4.550, 4.820, 5.150, 5.370 & 5.810 mg/kg; Also, the positive sample (3) the level was increased from 0.070 to 1.400, 1.700, 1.980, 2.260 & 2.610; respectively after heating oil samples at the same intervals of time.
6. Effect of adequate heat treatment of fresh oil supply samples on copper levels:
• The level of Cu in control samples was increased from non detected to 0.620, 0.810, 0.970, 1.240 and 1.450 mg\kg after heating oil samples for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min; respectively. While, the standards samples (1), (2) & (3) were increased from 0.400 to 5.310, 5.900, 6.440, 6.970 & 7.190; 5.440, 6.120, 6.730, 7.420 & 7.920 and 4.950, 5.330, 5.760, 6.220 & 6.910 mg/kg; respectively after heating oil samples at the same intervals of time.
• The level of Cu in positive samples (1) was increased from 4.690 to 10.310, 11.560, 12.910, 14.110 & 15.520 mg/kg, while, the positive sample (2) the level was increased from 0.206 to 2.250, 2.920, 3.550, 4.160 & 4.840 mg/kg; while, the positive sample (3) the level was increased from 0.294 to 2.710, 3.120, 3.470, 3.920 & 4.370; respectively after heating oil samples at the same intervals of time.
7. Percentages of samples above the MPLs in fresh oil samples:
• The data cleared that 6.7, 6.7 and 6.7% out of the examined samples were above the MPL for lead in corn, sunflower and oil supply samples; respectively. While, all samples in corn oil and oil supply were below MPL for cadmium and 3.3% of the examined sample were above MPL in sunflower oil. Likewise 10, 6.7 and 6.7% of the samples were above the MPL for copper in corn, sunflower and oil supply, respectively.
8. Percentages of samples above the MPLs in falafel shops & fish goods oil samples:
• All examined oil samples were above the MPL for lead in falafel shops and fish goods oil samples, while there were 10 and 80% out of the examined samples were above the MPL for cadmium in falafel shops and fish goods oil samples; respectively. And, the percentages were 25 and 40% for cooper.
9. Percentages of samples above the MPLs in oil supply samples after frying falafel & fish for one time:
• The examined oil supply samples show that 13.3 and 20% of the samples were above the MPL for lead in oil supply after frying falafel and fish for one time; respectively, while all examined samples were below the MPL for cadmium in oil supply samples after frying falafel for one time, and there were 6.7% of samples were above the MPL in oil supply after frying fish. Likewise, there were 6.7 and 13.3% of the examined samples above the MPL for copper in oil supply after frying falafel and fish for one time.
10. Comparison of standard Pb, Cd and Cu intakes with the average estimated intakes in oil samples (mg/kg/b.w.).
• The estimated weekly intake (EWI) for lead according to average were 0.337, 0.603,1.220, 5.690, 5.800, 0.420 and 2.100 mg/kg b.w. for corn, sunflower, fresh oil supply, falafel shops, fish goods, oil supply after frying falafel and oil supply after frying fish; respectively.
• The EWI for cadmium according to average was 0.615, 0.557, 0.408, 0.858, 2.300, 0.626, and 0.689 mg/kg b.w. in corn, sunflower, fresh oil supply, falafel shops, fish goods, oil supply after frying falafel and oil supply after frying fish’ respectively.
• The EWI for copper according to average were 0.795, 0.477, 4.940, 15.650, 14.680, 0.987and 7.700 mg/kg bw.; in corn, sunflower, fresh oil supply, falafel shops, fish goods, oil supply after frying falafel and oil supply after frying fish.