الفهرس 
HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
• 70-75% of HCC patients are unfit for surgery or inoperable at time of diagnosis
• Liver resection can achieve complete cure from HCC especially if the mass is less than 5 cm in diameter and not fixed to the nearby important structure and if the patient is fit for surgery.
• Laparoscopic hepatic resection for hepatic neoplasms is associated with less operative blood loss and duration of hospital stay is significantly reduced and there is no difference in postoperative adverse events or the extent of oncological clearance.
• Results of laparoscopy are similar to those of laparotomy, suggesting that laparoscopy approach could be used for most hepatic surgeries, including major hepatectomy for malignancy.
• The 5-year survival rate after surgical liver resection is around 50%.
• Percutaneous Ethanol Injection (PEI) is appropriate in patients who are unfit for surgery, with a single HCC focus 5cm in diameter or 3 tumor nodules, each 3cm in size, especially if superficially located.
• Acetic acid injection can be used as a substitute for alcohol injection for HCC.
• Tumors less than 2.5cm in their greatest dimension can be ablated with a single radiofrequency ablation needle. Larger tumors require multiple needles.
• Irradiation of the whole-liver is not effective. At the dose required to destroy the tumor, the surrounding liver also undergoes hepatitis and even failure in a cirrhotic liver. External beam treatment is only useful as palliative treatment.
• Overall response rates to systemic chemotherapy are about 10% and a median survival of 3 to 5 months have discouraged further use of 5-FU as a single agent.
• Although 33% of HCC has estrogen receptors; patients with cirrhosis and advanced HCC who received tamoxifen did not survive longer than those who received a placebo.
• High-dose single-agent recombinant IFN- had an improved survival compared to control patients who received no treatment.
• Antiangiogenic therapy inhibits angiogenesis within the tumor, and consequently; limits the growth of the tumor.
• Octreotide which is a somatostatin analogue possesses antimitotic activity against a variety of nonendocrine tumors, including HCC.