الفهرس 
Nerve Injuries in Head and Neck SurgeryOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Although uncommon, temporary or permanent peripheral nerve injury may complicate almost any type of invasive aesthetic procedure of the face, resulting in functional and psychological consequences for patients. Prompt recognition and appropriate intervention are necessary to avoid the long-term sequelae and
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improve the chances of complete neurologic recovery. Depending on the type of injury, various interventions may range from observation and close follow-up to interposition nerve grafting. (Azizzadeh and Mashkevich, 2009).
Therefore, it is important for the surgeon to be aware of these potential complications and to inform patients. (Barsoum et al., 1999). Many of the fore-mentioned nerve injuries are avoidable by critical reevaluation of indications, increased awareness of potential hazards, and modified surgical procedures (Hillerup, 2007). And the severe functional deficits in patients suffering from traumatic peripheral nerve damage underline the necessity of an optimal therapy. (Dornseifer et al., 2007).
MR imaging allows detailed evaluation of cranial nerve anatomy and pathology. Newer MR sequences allow more sensitive methods of detecting pathology and determining the cause of cranial neuropathy. The correlation of clinical findings with MR images will allow for more definitive evaluation. (Laine and Underhill, 2002). And the three-dimensional fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (3D-FIESTA) sequence may be a useful method for visualization of the lower cranial nerves. (Okumura, et al., 2005).
Introduction
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Despite the progress in understanding the pathophysiology of peripheral nervous system injury and regeneration, as well as advancements in microsurgical techniques, peripheral nerve injuries are still a major challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Thorough knowledge of anatomy, pathophysiology, and surgical reconstruction is a prerequisite of proper peripheral nerve injury management. In overview of direct nerve repair, various end-to-end coaptation techniques and the role of end-to-side repair for proximal nerve injuries is described. When primary repair cannot be performed without undue tension, nerve grafting or tubulization techniques are required. Current gold standard for bridging nerve gaps is nerve autografting. However, disadvantages of this approach, such as donor site morbidity and limited length of available graft material encouraged the search for alternative means of nerve gap reconstruction. Nerve allografting was introduced for repair of extensive nerve injuries. Tubulization techniques with natural or artificial conduits are applicable as an alternative for bridging short nerve defects without the morbidities associated with harvesting of autologous nerve grafts. Achieving better outcomes depends both on the advancements in microsurgical techniques and introduction of molecular biology discoveries into clinical practice. The field of peripheral nerve research is dynamically developing and concentrates on more sophisticated approaches tested at the basic
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science level. Future directions in peripheral nerve reconstruction including, tolerance induction and minimal immu