الفهرس 
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Abstract
2.1 Marine pollution
In general, pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that cause
~ instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living
organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy such as noise, heat,
or light energy. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, may be naturally or foreign substances
produced due to human activities, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural
levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or non-point source pollution 1261.
One of the most adequate definitions of marine pollution is the introduction of
substances or energy by man, directly or indirectly, into the marine environment resulting in
such deleterious effects as harm to living resources, hazards to human health, hindrance to
marine activities including fishing, impairment of quality for use of seawater and reduction of
amenities [271.
Mediterranean pollution, different activities have been identified as sources of pollution to
the Mediterranean Sea and its coastal area: i.e., municipal wastewaters, industrial waste
discharges, accidents and transport of chemicals by ship traffic and bay activities, agricultural
run-off of chemicals used in agriculture by surface and drainage waters, air-borne inputs, etc.
The current human coastal population is about 130 million, although this figure depends very
much on where the boundaries of the coastal zone are drawn. Of this population, about 40%
concentrate on the coast and this figure. is expected to be doubled by year 2025 1281. This
pressure results in the intensification of economic activities, especially agricultural and
industry production, which in turn places increasing demands on water resources. It was
estimated that more than 80% of the pollution load in the Mediterranean Sea came from land
sources [281 mainly in the form of still largely uncontrolled discharges of municipal and
industrial wastes, which reached the sea both directly from coastal sources and indirectly
through rivers 1231. .
Of all marine pollutants, hydrocarbons have received the greatest attention due
primarily to the highly lethal effects of most hydrocarbons on marine organisms, especially
aromatics class. Hydrocarbons as potential environmental contaminants are an assemblafje of
substances coming from various sources including biogenic, petrogenic and pyrolytic 124-3 I.
There are two main categories of hydrocarbon compounds, aliphatic and aromatic
fractions, in this study we will concern our attention on aliphatic and a group of aromatic
compounds known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Both fractions are
considered as a unique class of persistence organic pollutants (POPs) contaminating the
marine environment and have been studied as regards to their origin and distribution in the
environment [34-381.
2.2 Sources of pollution
Emissions may be arisen from natural processes and anthropogenic activities, although
the later generally predominate. Natural emission occurs naturally and won’t cause excessive
harm to our lives due to its re~eneration, while the anthropogenic is caused by human
activities and hard to get rid of [3 -411. Figure (2.1) shows the different sources and processes
generating different contaminants into environments.
2.2.1 Anthropogenic sources
Human activities such as oil transportation, oil spill, shipping and industrial, storm
water and domestic discharge are believed to be important influenced sources of pollutants in
.