الفهرس 
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Abstract
I’
Diabetes mellitus is the clinical expression of absolute or relative insulin
deficiency. Primary diabetes mellitus is generally subclassified into insulin
dependent diabetes mellitus ( IDDM ) or non-insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus ( NIDDM ) .
Secondary diabetes mellitus may result from pancreatic disease,
endocrine disease such as Cushing’s syndrome, drug therapy, and insulin
receptor abnormalities.
IDDM can occur at any age but most commonly in the young with a peak
incidence between 9 and 14 years of age. NIDDM occurs most commonly
only between 40 and 80 years of age (2).
While the acute manifestations of diabetes ( severe hyperglycemia,
glycemia, glucosuria, ketoacidosis) can often be managed clinically by diet,
oral hypoglycemic agents,or insulin therapy, such standard treatment has not
prevented the development of progressive secondary complications which
account for most of the chronic morbidity and premature mortality associated
with the disease (3).
Even before the introduction of insulin therapy in 1922, retinopathy,
neuropathy and nephropathy had all been described in association with
diabetes. However, as the use of insulin has permitted long-term survival of
young diabetics subjects, the implications of these chronic complications.