الفهرس 
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Abstract
Acute renal failure (ARF) is a common problem that affects both young and adult populations. Renal ischemia/reperfusion (RIR) remains the major cause of ARF. Renal ischemia/reperfusion injury is observed in a variety of clinical situations such as liver and renal transplantation and heminephrectomy.
It is believed that mortality due to RIR is attributed to both renal and extra-renal damage. This damage is mediated through many mechanisms as oxidative/nitrosative stress, inflammatory mediators, apoptosis and necrosis.
Many herbal remedies have a widespread use in folklore medicine to treat common ailments due to their safety and effectiveness. Furthermore, many drugs in modern pharmacopoeia are derived from natural source.
The current study was focused on:
1- Investigating the beneficial prophylactic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-necrotic effects of aqueous ginger extract (AGE) on the injury induced by RIR.
2- Assessment of the beneficial therapeutic antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic and anti-necrotic effects of AGE on the injury induced by RIR.
3- Evaluating the relative effect of AGE to allopurinol due to its potent antioxidant activity, and an angiotensin II receptor blocker as losartan due to its role in prevention of kidney diseases and its powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects (protective and therapeutic effect) on the injury induced by RIR.
4- Identifying the distant deleterious effects of RIR injury on the brain tissue.