الفهرس 
Functional Anatomy Of Central VeinsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Introduction: Venous access outflow stenosis or obstruction is a common cause of hemodialysis access malfunction and thrombosis. Localization in central veins is associated with venous stress or with trauma from previous central vein cannulation during temporary placement of hemodialysis catheter. Central venous stenosis and obstruction (central venous disease) is an important and prevalent problem in the management of hemodialysis (HD) patients. Central venous disease compromises the integrity of the HD access circuit by causing venous hypertension with/without debilitating symptoms. This can result in loss of the access site as a result of access dysfunction or ligation for symptom relief. The incidence of central venous disease has been reported in the range of 30% in the literature. Aim of the work: To demonstrate the incidence and morbidity of central venous stenosis and obstruction in haemodialysis patients and the value of the endovenous approach over the traditional method in its treatment. Conclusion: PTA with or without stent placement is the treatment of choice for CVSO and has the most successful and superior outcomes over traditional methods such as surgical bypass