الفهرس 
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Abstract
I’ Eutrophication, is a well known phenomenon. has long been recognized as
~eof the most threatening forms or rather consequences of pollution in fresh
ater or estuaries (Hutchinson. 1973). Considering the true marine environment,
lisstill presents a contentious subject (Stirn, 1988). Ecologically speaking. and
Ithe broadest sense, eutrophication means a substantially increased trophic level
eyondthe prevailing condition in a given ecosystem. due to unusually rich supply
f nutrients in the eutrophic layer (UNEP/UNESCO/FAO, 1988).
The marine manifestation of eutrophication is what in limnological systems
I referred to as cultural eutrophication, or simply man-made over fertilization of
quaticsystem. which can be understood as a specific form of nutrient pollution
nd from the view point of catastrophic changes, it can trigger as a stress factor
Pearson, 1981).
I According to GESAMP definition of eutrophication, which has been
ccepted by UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan, it was identified as follows:
ntroductionby man, directly or indirectly. of substances or energy into the marine
nvironment (including estuaries) resulting in such deleterious effects as cause
iarrnto living resources, hazards to human health. hinderance to marine activities
ncluding fishing, impairing of quality for use of sea-water and reduction of
imenities (Stirn, 1988).
Under natural conditions. eutrophication is usually induced by upwellings
md river discharges (provided they are not polluted. which is rarely the case),
ience the consequence is natural eutrophication. Anthropogenic (cultural or manmade)
eutrophication refers to the same process. but is a consequence of pollution
oy sewage and related biodegradable effluents. agricultural fertilizers and polluted
umosphere: often these pollutants are combined in rivers with natural background
loadSof nutrients (UNEP/UNESCO/FAO, 1988).
Considering the conceptual views a natural versus anthropogenic eutrophication.
~necould logically conclude that since there is no significant difference.