الفهرس 
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Abstract
The transitional systems located between land and open sea, i.e .
.estuaries, bays and coastal marine areas are often subjected to the
discharge of treated and untreated waste waters rich in organic
substances, agricultural and industrial wastes. The land runoff affects the
marine processes that alter the natural dynamic equilibria and the biotic
composition of the respective ecosystems, leading to increased
production of phytoplankton, development of visible algal blooms and
abnormalgrowth of submerged attached and/or floating algal mats.
Changes in phytoplnkton standing crop, community structure and
species composition are driven by a mixture of autogenic processes such
as competition for light (Parsons, 1979), nutrients (Harrison et aI., 1981;
Takahashi & Fukazawa, 1982) and allogenic as temperature (Goldman &
Ryther, 1976), and salinity (Smayda, 1980). Grazing (Harrison et al.,
1983) and sinking rate (Smayda, 1970) are also factors that influence
phytop1ankton standing crop. However, it is difficult to establish
quantitatively the extent of their effects because of the variability in the
environmental gradients in situ (Mukai & Takimoto, 1985) and the
different response of the different species to changes in the surrounding
environment (Richmond, 1986). Stability of water column is an important
factor controlling phytoplankton standing crop and seasonal succession
(Pingree et al., 1976; Holligan & Harbour, 1977; Raymont, 1980), in
controlling mixing and hence to a great extent the availability of light
energy and nutrients for phytoplankton growth (Pingree et al., 1978).
Margalef (1978) and Bowman et al. (1981) have related dominant
phytoplankton life-forms in marine environments with the input of
external energy manifested as water movement.