الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study was carried on 94 specimens, 85 camel embryos and feti and 9 adult camels. The CVRL of camel embryos and fetus ranged from o.8cm to 127cm. The age of adult camel ranged from 5-9years. The whole embryos, intestine of small fetus and small specimens from duodenum, jejunum and ileum of large fetus and adult camel were taken, all specimens were fixed in neutral fonnalin, Bouin and susa solution, then processed histologically for microscopical examination with L.M.
The specimens were collected for the electron microscopical studies from camel fetus at 64cm CVRL and at 110cm CVRL; and from
adult camels at 8 years old.
The results were showed that, the primordia of the intestine appeared in camel embryos at .8cm CVRL and it was lined by simple columnar epithelium. The epithelium was increased to be stratified columnar epithelium up to 9 rows of cells, then decreased to be one layer on the villi while the intervillus part still stratified columnar epithelium:
The first appearance of the villi was at 9.9cm CVRL as epithelial out growth and it became well developed at 10.3cm CVRL. It was long in
jejunum than duodenum and ileum
The intestinal glands (crypt of Lieberkhun) were appeared at 13cm CVRL as epithelial downgrowth in the propria submucosa. It appeared at first in the duodenum and jejunum then appeared in the ileum later on at 27cm CVRL. The crypt was developed faster in the duodenum than jejunum and ileum.
The oligomucous goblet cells were appeared at first in the jejunum and ileum at 13cm CVRL then in the duodenum at 23cm CVRL. The goblet cells appeared in the jejunum and ileum at 19cm CVRL. It was numerous in the ileum, jejunum than duodenum. The goblet cells consisted of three types of cells according to the histochemical reactivity; the first was alcianophilic materials, the second was PAS positive substances and the third was both alcianophilic and PAS positive substances.
The Paneth cells were appeared for the first time in the duodenum at46cm CVRL then in the jejunum and lastly in the ileum. It appeared as pyramidal cells had acidophilic, granular cytoplasm and basophilic basal nucleus. The granules appeared only by PAS stain. Their number was numerous in the duodenum, jejunum than ileum.
The central lacteal vessel was appeared at 29cm CVRL in the center of the villi as narrow blind tube. It became wide at late stage of development.
The reticular fibers were appeared at 1.8cm CVRL while the collagen fibers were appeared at 10.3cm CVRL.
The Peyer’s patches were appeared as aggregation of lymphocytes in a circular shape at 46cm CVRL in the propria submucosa of the ileum.
The lamina muscularis mucosa was appeared for the first time in the duodenum at. 57cm CVRL, as inner longitudinal smooth muscle cells. Later on, it was increased in thickness of the muscle cells and became inner longitudinal and outer circular smooth muscle fibers.
The plicae circulares were appeared at 57cm CVRL in the duodenum, jejunum. While appeared at 61cm CVRL in the ileum, as circular folds of the wall of the small intestine.
The lamina propria mucosa could differentiate from the tunica submucosa at 57cm CVRL, the tunica submucosa characterized by dense collagen fibers, blood vessels, few lymphocytes and connective tissue cells.
The Brunner’s glands were appeared at 70 cm CVRL in the duodenum, as mucous glands, which lined by simple cuboidal to low columnar cells and had wide lumen. It contained intense alcianophilic materials.
The tunicae muscularis were firstly appeared as myoblasts at 2.5cm CVRL, then changed to smooth muscle cells, the circularis layer of the muscle appeared at 8cm CVRL, then the longitudinalis layer was appeared at 10.3cm CVRL.
The villi of the adult camel jejunum were longer than that of the duodenum and ileum. It was long and finger like.
The intestinal gland (crypt of Lieberkhun) was tubular in shape and numerous in the duodenum than in the jejunum and ileum. The lamina propria mucosa and submucosa of ileum were occupied by numerous Peyer’s patches. The Paneth cells were numerous in the duodenum.
The goblet cells were numerous in the ileum than duodenum and jejunum, and in the distal part of the villi than the proximal part. It was numerous in the crypt of the ileum.
The enteroendocrine cells were appeared as oval or ovoid shaped cells located between the columnar cells of the villi, crypt and in the lamina propria mucosa. It was firstly appeared in the duodenum of camel fetus at 62cm CVRL, in jejunum of camel fetus at 77cm CVRL and in the ileum of camel fetus at 97cm CVRL
The tunica submucosa of the duodenum was wider than that of jejunum and ileum, and filled with Brunner’s glands, numerous blood vessels, lymphocytes and collagen fibers.
The tunica muscularis of the ileum was thicker than that of the duodenum and jejunum.
The” M” cell was characteristic feature of the ileum, it was simple cuboidal cells that lined the villi above the Peyer’s patches. The
lymphocytes were lodged between the columnar cells and around the intestinal glands. These results revealed that the mast cells not appeared in any fetus during prenatal development. While these cells appeared in the tunica mucosa and submucosa of duodenum, jejunum and ileum of the adult
camel.
The electron microscopic studies showed that the villi of the duodenum at 64cm CVRL were short while that of the duodenum at 110cm CVRL and adult camel duodenum were long, finger like with numerous opening of goblet cells and transverse furrow on the external surface.
The enterocytes of the duodenum at 64cm and 110cm CVRL and adult camel duodenum were columnar in shape with short regular microvilli, indented or oval nucleus and numerous mitochondria and
r.E.R. The goblet cells of the duodenum at 64cm and 110cm CVRL and adult camel duodenum were characterized by compresed oval nucleus and numerous mucous globules in the apical part of the cytoplasm. Mitochondria and r.E.R were present in the cytoplasm.
The enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum at 64cm and 110cm CVRL and adult camel duodenum were columnar in shape with oval nucleus and numerous secretory granules of different shape, size and densities in the cytoplasm and around the nucleus.
The Paneth cells of the duodenum at 64cm and 110cm CVRL and adult camel duodenum were appeared in the base of the intestinal gland. It had numerous mitochondria and Rough E.R. Numerous secretory granules of different shapes and sizes were found in the cytoplasm.