الفهرس 
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Abstract
This work was planned to study the effect of respiratory and digestive disturbances on some major and minor elements levels in blood of calves. On which a total of 123 Holstein Friezian calves, were used, in age of one day old up to 180 days. Those animals were kept in El-Salhia Agricultural Project for Development and
Investment. The animals were classified as following:
Group I:
30 calves of one day old to 180 days were apparently healthy served as control. This group was also, subgrouped according to their ages into:
Subgroup A: 1-60 days old. Subgroup E: 61-180 days old.
Group II:
48 calves suffering from respiratory affections were divided according to their ages into:
Subgroup A: one day to 60 days old. Subgroup B: 61 days to 180 days old.
Each of these subgroups was further classified according to the body temperature of the diseased calves into:
1-Diseased calves recorded high rectal body temperature.
2-Diseased calves recorded normal body temperature.
Group III:
45 calves suffering from enteritis, were divided according to their ages into:
Subgroup A: one dayold-2months (pre weaning). Subgroup B: 61 days to 180 days old) post weaning).
The diseased as well as clinically healthy calves were subjected to the following investigation:
- Identification and tracing the clinical findings associated with diseased condition.
- Determination of some haematological parameters such as PCV, I-lb content, TRBCs and TWBCs.
- Estimation of serum levels of some minerals and trace elements, such as calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, copper, zinc, iron and selenium.
The obtained results were summarized as following:-
I- Clinical manifestations:
A-Respiratory affections:
The main clinical manifestations in respiratory affected calves were reduced appetite, dullness, elevated body temperature (40-41.5 °C), cough, conjunctivitis, bilateral nasal discharges, moderate to severe dyspnea and abnormal respiratory sounds heard by auscultation.
B-Enteritis:
The most constant clinical findings in neonatal calves suffering from enteritis at the pre-weaning period, were soft to watery diarrhoea, the colour of the faeces was pale-yellow and sometimes streaked with blood or mucus.
Body temperature was elevated initially, but fall down to normal or subnormal in the subsequent days of diarrhoea.
Dehydration manifested by the turger of the skin, anorexia, sunken eyes, cold extremities and collapsed jugular vein was developed in long standing enteritis ( > 2 days).
Passage of the soft faeces with foul small, soiling perinium and tail, retarded growth and emaciation were the main clinical findings in diarrhoeic calves at post weaning period.
II. Haematological icture:
A)Respiratory affections:
A highly significant decrease in the mean values of TRBCs, 1-lb content and PCV were observed in all respiratory affected calves. Moreover erythrocytic indices indicated a microcytic hypochromic anaemia. Moreover, mild leukopenia was observed in all diseased calves in the early febrile stages, while mild leucocytosis was recorded in non febrile respiratory affected calves.
B)Calf enteritis:
A highly significant increase in the mean values of TRBCs, Hb content, PCV was recorded in neonatal calves suffering from enteritis at pre weaning period. While only significant increase in the mean values of some parameters was observed in diarrhoeic
calves at post weaning.
Leucocytosis was observed in neonatal calves suffering from enteritis at pre-weaning period, while non significant changes were recorded in calves suffering from enteritis at post weaning period.
III. Serum biochemical analysis: A. Respiratory affections:
Serum biochemical analysis in respiratory affected calves with febrile reaction revealed a highly significant decrease in the mean
values of inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and iron concentration as well as significant decrease in serum selenium level. Highly significant increase in serum copper in addition to non significant changes in the mean values of serum calcium.
In respiratory affected calves with normal body temperature it was observed that there was a highly significant decrease in the mean values of serum iron and selenium.
The serum levels of inorganic phosphorus, calcium and zinc were non significantly change. Serum copper levels were non significantly change in all non febrile respiratory affected calves. meanwhile. The diseases calves with normal body temperature showed a significant increase in serum copper concentrations.
B) Calf enteritis:
A highly significant decrease in the mean values of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, zinc and iron with significant decrease in serum selenium, and highly significant increase in serum copper, were recorded in neonatal calves suffering from enteritis at the pre-weaning period.
A significant decrese in the mean values of serum calcium, inorganic phosphorus, magnesium, copper and zinc, as well as non significant changes in the mean values of serum iron and selenium were recorded in diarrhoeic calves at post-weaning period.