الفهرس 
REVIEW OF LITERATUREOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 123 |  |  |
| | | from | 123 | | |
Abstract
The present work aimed to study the recycling of some agricultural wastes and the utilization of microbial inoculants and mineral additives to enrichment the compost and acceleration the composting process. In order to, achieve the aim of the present study, the work includes different steps: preparation of agricultural wastes ( rice straw , maize straw, bean straw, banana waste( leaves and seam) and fruit wastes ) were mixed together, grinded, and then divided to four piles, one pile control, scanned pile contain minerals , thread pile the mixture was injected with cellulose decomposers strains of (Trichoderma reesei, T. virde ,Bacillus subtilis and Streptomyces antibioticus) four pile contain minerals and biofertilizers.
The C/N ratio was adjusted to 38 using granular urea as nitrogen source.
The moisture content was maintained at 60% and the aeration was made with turning during the composting process.
After each turning, samples were taken from different sites of each piles, mixed air dried and ground. Three representative sample from each piles were collected at the beginning and after 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 days.
The physical, chemical and biological changes due to the biotransformation were tracked and some results were summarized as the following: 1. Physical changes
Temperature
The Temperature degree was recorded every day at different location and depths in a contoured pattern
The temperature values reached maximum within 1-30 days after each piles turning. However, the temperature values declined afterwards to reach minimum at the end of each interval. It is worth to mention that the temperature values inside any of the studied piles were always higher of than those of ambient temperature. temperature retched maximum 63 هC at 32 days in P3 and 62 هC at 34 days as compared to P1 increase the temperature retched maximum 58 هC at 38 days, and P2 reached maximum 60 هC at 36 days. This was reflected the role of such amendments in accelerate the biological activity and caused rise in temperature. These results may be explained by the presence of added biofertilizers amended which accelerated the biological activity and increased decomposition of organic matter.
Bulk density
The baulk density in the all tested piles increased, from zero to 90 days. Its values increased from 0.12 to 0.27, 0.13 to 0.37, 0.11 to 0.35 and from 0.12 to 0.40 g/cm3 for piles 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. In addition, amended pile by mineral amendments and biofertilizers
(P4) recorded higher bulk density values as compared to P1, 2, and 3 the unamended ones
In addition, mineral amendments (P2) recorded higher bulk density values as compared to P1 and 3.
Water Holding Capacity (WHC):
WHC values gradually increased by increasing composting periods of organic materials. Higher of water holding capacity in amended pile with mineral amendments and biofertilizers in pile 4 recorded higher values as compared to unamended ones. It ranged from 61.22 to 183, 105.30 to 320.0, 85.0 to 270.0 and from 99.60 to 329.0% for P1, P2, P3and P4, respectively.
The addition of mineral amendments particularly (Bentonite) to P2 led to the increases in WHC reached to 310% compared to 196, 250 and 260% in P1, P3 and P4 respectively at 45 days. and adding mineral amendments low amount in P4 in the start led to increases in WHC loss than P2 but which accelerated the biological activity and increased decomposition in P4 in the end the composting process led to increases in WHC reached to 329% compared to 183, 320 and 270% in P1, P2 and P3 respectively.
2. Chemical changes
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH)
The initial values of pH were found to vary from near acidic weakly alkaline (6.88-7.75) depending mainly on the feeding materials of composted piles. The relatively low starting pH values were recorded in piles that received by microbial activators amended and mixed (mineral amendments and microbial activators). During the first two week of composting, the values of all treatments increased to attain the maximum peaks (7.80-8.15). there was a declining trend in pH from alkalinity towards neutrality (6.84-7.58) at the end of composting process.