الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was carried out on native breed mares kept in
different villages of menoufia governorate such as Abo-Kolos, El-Shohadaa,
Salamoon and El-Batanon. Also, other mares were present in the farm of the
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Sadat City and in some farms present on
Cairo-Alexandria desert road. The study was conducted in the period from
March 2012 to May 2013 and these animals were followed up using
ultrasonography. The total number of animals used in the study was 100
mares. Some of these mares were used in more than one experiment.
Animals were divided in to the following groups:-
1. Group I:
This group included 14 mares to investigate the characteristics of
estrus either visually or by using ultrasonography and determine animals
without clear estrus signs (percentage of silent heat).
The percentage of mares with true estrus signs was 71.4 % (10/14)
and by using ultrasonography the ovaries were containing large follicle. The
average diameter of the pre-ovultatory follicle was 4.23 cm.
Ultrasonographic examination of the uterus of these mares during
estrus revealed that 70% (7/10) showed endometrial edema. On the other
hand, the 30% (3/10) of mares not showed such endometrial edema although
the ovaries contained large follicle and the animals were in estrus.
During ultrasonographic examination of some mares with history of
anestrum, the ovaries of these mares were contained large pre-ovulatory
follicle with average diameter of 3.53 cm and the uteri of these mares were showed edema in the endometrial folds. These mares were described as
mares with silent estrus and the percentage of these mares was 28.5% (4/14).
2. Group II:
This group included 18 mares to compare the ovarian activity of both
ovaries (right and left) in mares using ultrasonography.
Ultrasonographic examination of the ovaries of these mares revealed
that 44.4 % (8/18) of the dominant follicles were detected on the right ovary
and the average diameter of these follicles was 3.46 cm. On the other hand,
55.6% (10/18) of the dominant follicles were found on the left ovary and the
average diameter of these follicles was 3.68 cm.
3. Group III:
This group included 11 mares for using of ultrasonography for early
pregnancy diagnosis in mares.
At 18 days of pregnancy, the embryonic vesicle was
ultrasonographically appeared as non echogenic (black) irregular structure
“guitar pick“shaped.
The embryo proper within the vesicle was first detected
ultrasonographically at days 20 to 25 and was observed on the ventral aspect
of the vesicle as a small echogenic mass.
At day 25 , the heart beat was seen as a fluttering movement within
the echogenic mass of the embryo proper, and the non echogenic allantoic
cavity was began to develop ventral to the embryo proper. At about 34 to 36 days, the conceptus was appeared as one third of
non echogenic dorsally located yolk sac and two thirds of non echogenic
ventrally located allantoic cavity surrounding the embryo.
At about 45 to 50 days the developing fetus was easily detected as
echogenic structure surrounded by increasing amounts of non echogenic
fetal fluids.
The corpus luteum of pregnancy was scanned as circular uniformly
echogenic structure which confirming the pregnancy. 4. Group IV:
This group included 26 mares for induction of estrus during non
breeding season (December, January and February). These animals were
subdivided in to:-
4.1. Using of GnRH:
4.1.1. Using of 5 ml GnRH:
This group included 6 mares. After treatment of all mares with 5 ml of
GnRH (Receptal®) as a single intramuscular injection, two mares 33.3 %
(2/6) were responded to treatment and showed signs of estrus. These two
mares were mated naturally and one of them gets pregnant as diagnosed by
ultrasonography. The other four mares 66.6 % (4/6) showed only slight
increase in follicular diameter but not showed any signs of estrus.
4.1.2. Using of 10 ml GnRH:
This group included 7 mares. After treatment of all mares with 10 ml
of GnRH (Receptal®) as a single intramuscular injection, the three mares
42.8 % (3/7) were responded to treatment and showed signs of estrus. These
three mares were mated naturally and one of them gets pregnant as diagnosed by ultrasonography. The other four mares 57.2 % (4/7) showed
only slight increase in follicular diameter but not showed any signs of estrus.
4.2. Using of eCG:
This group included 8 mares. After treatment of all mares with 1000
I.U of eCG (Folligon®) as a single intramuscular injection, none of these
mares were responded to treatment.
4.3. Uterine wash:
This group included 5 mares. All mares were subjected to intrauterine
infusion with one liter of normal saline. After uterine wash, four of these
mares 80% (4/5) were responded to treatment and showed signs of estrus.
These four mares were naturally mated and two one of them gets pregnant.
On the other hand, the fifth mare not showed signs of estrus.
5. Group V:
This group included 25 mares for determination of percentage of foal
heat conception in mares. It was found that, 28 % (7/25) of mares were
pregnant and 72% (18/25) of mares were not pregnant.
6. Group VI:
This group included 6 mares for detection effect of intrauterine wash
with Acriflavine® on conception in mares. It was found that, 66.7% (4/6) of
these mares got pregnant and 33.3 % (2/6) of them did not conceive.