الفهرس 
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Abstract
Cotton is the most important fiber crop all over the world. In Egypt, cotton is very important crop that cultivated mainly for fibers in industry and seeds for oil. Cotton bollworms, P. gossypiella and E. insulana are the most important insects attacking cotton in Egypt for along time, and these insects are controlled with insecticides. To avoid extensive use of chemical insecticides, the current study was focused on selecting proper IPM to control these pests. This study include the following : br 1. ECOLOGICAL STUDIES. br 1.1. Population dynamics of cotton bollworms. br To be able to suggest the appropriate times to spray for bollworms, it was essential to learn something of their population dynamics under field conditions of Beni- Suef Governorate , field studies were carried out at the farm of Sids Agriculture Research Station during 2006, 2007 and 2008 cotton seasons to study the monitoring the first appearance and populations of adult males of both pink and spiny bollworms by using Delta pheromone baited traps. br 1.1.1 Population dynamics of pink bollworm (PBW). br The average number of male moths of P. gossypiella per trap / week during the period -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; April till September during the 2006, 2007 and 2008 cotton seasons. br In the first season 2006, five peaks in the average number of males / trap / week were observed, the first peak occurred on 5th May and reached 41.33 males / trap per week. The second peak occurred at the mid of June and reached 45.00 males / trap / week. The third peak occurred on the 14th July and reached to 59.5 males / trap/ week. While the fourth and fifth peaks were found on the 4th August and 8th September and reached to 44.5 and 75.5 males/ trap/ week, respectively. In the second season 2007, also five peaks were observed. These peaks were occurred on 10th April , 24th April, 12th June, 24th July and 21st August and reached 16.00, 33.60, 51.50, 59.00 and 79.5 males / trap/week, respectively. While in the third season 2008, four peaks were observed. These peaks occurred on 1st May, 29th May, 31st July and 4th September and reached 34.5, 59.0, 53.5 and 108.5 males / trap / week, respectively. br 1.1.2. Spiny bollworm (SBW). br The average number of male moths of E. insulana per trap / week during the periods extending -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; March17th till September 15th , March 27th till 4th September and April 3rd till September 18 st during the 2006, 2007 and 2008 seasons, respectively. br In the first season 2006 , Four peaks of spiny bollworm were observed. The first peak occurred on the 21st April (7.20 males / trap / week) and marked to the first generation which attacked cotton plants during the first week of May and lasted up to late May. The second peak occurred on the 30th of June and reached 24.50 males / trap/ week. While the third and fourth peaks were found on the 11th of August and 15th of September and reached to 53.5 and 96.31 males/ trap/ week, respectively. br In the second season 2007, five peaks were observed. These peaks occurred in 24th April , 8th of May, 12th of June , 24th of July and 28th August and reached 24.0, 26.5, 32.0, 33.0 and 80.5 males / trap/week, respectively. While in the third season 2008, four peaks observed. These peaks were occurred on1st May, 31st of July, 4th of September and 18th September. It reached 23.0, 64.5, 72.5 and 94.5 respectively. br 1.1.3. Effect of prevailing weather factors (temperature and relative humidity) on population dynamics of bollworms. br The effect of the prevailing weather factors on the seasonal abundance of cotton bollworms was studied under field conditions at Beni- Suef Governorate during three successive seasons, 2006, 2007 and 2008 seasons. br 1.1.3.1. The pink bollworm (PBW). br The combined effect of the two main weather factors on the changes in the population activity of the pink bollworm moths explained by the percentages of variance of the two tested weather factors were significant during 2006 and high significant during 2007 season , respectively but in 2008 season, was insignificant. br 1.1.3.2. The spiny bollworm (SBW): br The correlation between the spiny bollworm population and the weather factors Max. and Min. temperature and average relative humidity, it is obvious that a simple positive correlation coefficient between the average number of captured male moths in sex pheromone traps and max. temperature was found, but this correlation was insignificant during 2006 and 2007 seasons and significant 0.38 (P= 0.08) in 2008 growing season. br The combined effect of the two main weather factors on the changes in the population activity of the spiny bollworm moths explained by the percentages of variance of the two tested weather factors which was significant during 2006, but in 2007 and 2008 planting seasons it was insignificant. br 2. Effect of some traditional insecticides alternative against cotton bollworms. br The results obtained revealed that Radiant 12 SC and Spintor 24 SC were the most effective treatments against spiny and pink bollworms. The average total percentages of reduction were 81.03 and 79.67%, respectively, followed by Protecto and K.Z oil (65.11 and 63.3 %) as compared with the recommended ministry program (RMP) (85.9) br The two formulations of biocides, Biovar - N.P.V. virus and the plant extract, Tagetes oil at a rate of 1000 cm3 / fed. gave moderate reductions for both pink and spiny bollworms together after the application of three successive sprays ( each every two weeks ) in cotton fields. The seasonal average percentages of reduction were 42.63%, 59.76% and 45.7%, respectively. br 2.1. Effect of releasing time of Trichogramma evanescens for controlling pectinophora gossypiella (saund.) and Earias insulana ( boisd.). br The first releasing time was with first fruiting branch. The average seasonal percentage reduction of P. gossypilla was 87.7, but it was 77.8 for E. insulana as a compared with 84.7 and 70.4 for pink and spiny bollworms to the Ministry program, respectively. The second releasing time was with the first flower, the average seasonal percentage reductions for pink and spiny bollworms were 84.9 and 75.7, respectively. The third and fourth releasing times were with 1 and 3% green bolls infestation were the least effective treatments. br 2.2. Evaluation of sequence treatments against cotton bollworms: br The efficiency of each seven sequential treatments on the cotton bollworms, E, insulana and P. gossypiella together caused more than 80% reduction in cotton bollworm populations. br The 1st sequential treatment (Radiant 12 SC→ Sumi-alpha →Larvin) was the most effective treatments followed by the 2nd sequential treatment (Protecto→ Sumialpha → Larvin), (Trichogramma→ Trichogramma→ Spintor 24 SC) and(Spintor →Sumi-alpha→ Larvin) when compared with the (RMP) (Dursban → Sumi-alpha → Larvin). The total percentages of reduction for cotton bollworms were (86.36, 84.71, 82.77 and 82.14%) as a compared with (83.58 %) for Ministry program respectively. While The sequential treatments, 5th, 6th and 7th (Tricho → Tricho → Protecto) (Trichogramma →Trichogramma→ Radiant) and (Radiant → Spintor br → Protecto) produced the least reduction of cotton bollworm populations. The seasonal percentages of reduction were (80.81, 80.60, and 74.14) for pink and spiny bollworms together as a compared with (83.58 %) for Ministry program, respectively. br 3. Effect of different selected programs under the concept of IPM on cotton bollworm management. br The effect of different concepts and approaches on the average percent of infestation, the % reduction of bollworms population, economic losses in cotton yields and average actual yield. The results showed that the application of the best approaches tested in 2006 and 2007 revealed promising results as follows: br The 3rd program was the most effective program against cotton bollworms, the seasonal percentages of reduction for spiny and pink bollworms were 92.85 and 94.86 % as compared with the Recommended Ministry Program (RMP), (87.65 and 81.67 % for both insects , respectively). The % economic losses in cotton yields and average actual yield were 4.76 % and 8.45 kentar / fed. as compared with the (RMP), (5.95 % and 8.55 kentar / fed.) , respectively. The seasonal percentage of reduction for pink and spiny bollworms were 86.62, 82.22 , 80.19, 83.90 % and 86.67,79.44, 79.44, 70.42 % for the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 5th programs applied to control both insects as compared with the Ministry program (87.65 and 81.67 %), respectively. The % economic losses in cotton yields and average actual yield were (5.37, 7.89, 10.32, 8.35 %) and (8.1, 8.05, 7.14, 7.95 kentar / fed) as compared with the ministry program (5.95% and 8.55 kentar / fed.), respectively. br 3.1. Effect of the applying selected IPM programs on cotton properties. br The effect of different concepts and approaches on some cotton properties (chemical and fiber properties). Concerning the effect of these programs on the chemical properties, (oil and protein) do not affected by these programs. The difference in fiber length at 2.5 % SL affected by these programs The differences in fiber length (Pressley index) did not affected by these program. The difference in fiber fineness (micronaire reading) as affected by programs. The highest value of micronaire reading (4.53 micronaire unit) resulted -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; 5th program as a compared with the Ministry Program (4.37 miconaire unit). br 4. LABORATORY TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES. br Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the toxicity of alternative insecticides, namely, Spinosad, Radiant, Protecto and the plant extract, Tagetes oil a gainst both the Laboratory and field strains of both cotton bollworms ; pink bollworm , P.gossypiella and spiny bollworm, E. insulana Eggs and newly hatched larvae were treated with these tested substances . br 4.1. Effect of alternative insecticides against the pink and spiny bollworms treated in the egg stage. br The efficiency of different compounds against the spiny and pink bollworms treated in the egg stage of the laboratory and field strains .The results of Spinosad, Radiant, Protecto and Tagetes oil were evaluated and the LC50 values also,calculated. br 4.2. Effect of the traditional insecticides alternative against the newly hatched larvae of cotton bollworms. br The efficiency of several concentrations of alternative insecticides against the newly hatched larvae of the spiny and pink bollworms (laboratory and field strains) exposed to surface treated artificial diet. The mortality percentages 24 hr. post treatment increased with the increase of the concentration used and gradually with the period increased after the treatment. LC50 were evaluated. br 4.3.Latent effects of tested compounds. br Latent effects of the tested insecticides on some biological aspects of the laboratory and field strains of P.gossypiella and E.insulana were investigated. These aspects were duration of larval and pupal stages; percent of pupation and adult emergence; pupal weight and malformations, the average number of eggs laid by females resulting -#102;-#114;-#111;-#109; the treated larvae and percentage of hatchability of their eggs were recorded.