الفهرس 
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Abstract
Antioxidant is a molecule stable enough to delay or inhibit cellular damage mainly through their free radical scavenging property. Garlic and ginger have been identified in several studies as plants with high antioxidant content which are considered to play a crucial beneficial biological role.
Exposure to ionizing radiation results in the formation of free radicals in living systems that are believed to persist for milliseconds and result in oxidative damage to biomolecules such as DNA, proteins and lipids that contribute to the biological effects of radiation.
Oral manifestations considered one of the most irritating side effects of irradiation. The loss of taste is not only a result of the direct radiation damage to the taste buds or their innervating nerve fibers, but is also related to the reduction in salivary flow rate.
So the aim of this study was to detect the individual and combined protective action of garlic and ginger against early irradiation changes on lingual papillae of albino rats.
One hundred and eight male albino rats of average weight 200- 250gm were used in this study.
Both garlic and ginger tablets were crushed by mortar and pestle to obtain powder which macerated in distilled water to obtain aqueous suspension of garlic and ginger.
The rats were divided into two main groups:
1) Control group (C G): consisted 12 rats and was divided into two subgroups, six rats in each as follows:
Subgroup C1: Rats were kept in animal house, not exposed to irradiation and not given garlic and ginger.
Subgroup C2: Rats were moved with the irradiated groups but kept outside the irradiation cell and not given garlic and ginger to examine the background effects.
2) Experimental groups: Consisted 96 rats and were divided into 4 equal groups:
A) Irradiated Group (R G): Twenty four rats were equally divided into 4 subgroups; each of them was irradiated once in a cage with a definite dose of gamma radiation as follows:
Subgroup R1: Subjected to 0.5Gy gamma radiation.
Subgroup R2: Subjected to 1Gy gamma radiation.
Subgroup R3: Subjected to 2Gy gamma radiation.
Subgroup R4: Subjected to 6.5Gy gamma radiation.
B) Garlic protected Group (Ga P G): Twenty four rats were equally divided into 4 subgroups; each of them was given daily1mm aqueous suspension of garlic with required dose by oropharyngeal tube one week before irradiation. Rats were then subjected to the same radiation doses as irradiated group.
C) Ginger protected Group (Gi P G): Twenty four rats were equally divided into 4 subgroups; each of them was given daily1mm aqueous suspension of ginger with required dose by oropharyngeal tube one week before irradiation. Rats were then subjected to the same radiation doses as irradiated group.
D) Garlic and Ginger protected Group (Ga&Gi P G): Twenty four rats were equally divided into 4 subgroups; each of them was given daily required dose of garlic and ginger, by oropharyngeal tube one week before irradiation. Rats were then subjected to the same radiation doses as irradiated group.
Rats were irradiated with single exposure of different doses of gamma radiation (0.5, 1, 2 and 6.5Gy) in which the whole-body gamma irradiation was performed.
After one week of irradiation, rats were killed. The tongue specimens were processed and examined by the light and scanning electron microscope.
*The H&E stained sections in the current study revealed that:
(I)Filiform papillae:
Irradiated group (R G): The papillae maintained their regular conical shape till 2Gy radiation dose with detached keratin layer, vacuolated cells within the covering epithelium and lymphocytic cells infiltration in c.t core. While at 6.5Gy radiation dose the papillae lost their regular conical shape with detectable increase in thickness of the keratin layer and number of the vacuolated cells.
Garlic protected Group (Ga P G): The papillae maintained their regular conical shape till 2Gy radiation dose and showed more uniform keratin layer than (R G) with detectable decrease in vacuolated and lymphocytic cells infiltration. While at 6.5Gy radiation dose the papillae lost their regular conical shape. The covering epithelium showed lacerated keratin layer and detectable increase in vacuolated cells. The c.t showed lymphocytic cells infiltration.
Ginger protected Group (Gi P G): The papillae maintained their regular conical shape till 2Gy radiation dose. The keratin layer covering the epithelium appeared more uniform with detectable increase in epithelium thickness with fewer vacuolated cells compared to (R G). At 6.5Gy radiation dose the papillae lost their conical shape and appeared short with thick epithelium layer covered with thin keratin.
Garlic and Ginger protected Group (Ga&Gi P G): The papillae maintained their regular conical shape till 6.5Gy radiation dose and showed uniform keratin layer covering epithelium with few vacuolated cells. The c.t showed lymphocytic cells infiltration and dilated b.vs.
(II)Fungiform papillae:
Irradiated group (R G): The papillae maintained their regular mushroom shape till 1Gy radiation dose, while at 2&6.5Gy radiation doses the papillae lost their uniform shape.
At 0.5, 1 &2Gy the papillae showed thin detached keratin layer with few vacuolated cells within the covering epithelium and few lymphocytic cells infiltration in c.t core. While at 6.5Gy radiation dose, the keratin layer appeared lacerated with detectable increase in its thickness and degenerated areas in c.t.
In all protected experimental groups: The papillae maintained their regular mushroom shape till 2Gy radiation dose and were covered by almost uniform keratin layer. Few dilated b.vs were observed in the c.t core. While at 6.5Gy radiation dose, the papillae appeared reduced in height, atrophied and showed few degenerated areas in the c.t.
(III) Circumvallate papillae:
Irradiated group (R G): Till 1Gy radiation dose the papillae maintained their regular inverted cone shape and showed thin detached keratin layer covering the epithelium, uniform trough and c.t core with normal histological appearance. At 2Gy radiation dose the papilla appeared shallow trough, few taste buds and lymphocytic cells infiltration in the c.t. While at 6.5Gy radiation dose the papilla showed constricted neck and loss of secondary papillae with lymphocytic cells and focal degenerated areas in the c.t.
In all protected experimental groups: The papillae maintained their shape till 6.5Gy radiation dose and covered with more uniform keratin layer. Few lymphocytic cells infiltration in c.t was observed.
*The scanning electron microscopic examination in the current study revealed that:
(I)Filiform papillae:
Irradiated group (R G):
• Simple filiform papillae: The papillae maintained their conical shape till 1Gy radiation dose and showed rough surface and torn keratin. At 2Gy radiation dose, some papillae appeared atrophied, while at 6.5Gy radiation dose most of the papillae appeared atrophied and reduced in height
• Gaint filiform papillae: The papillae showed almost normal morphological pictures till 1Gy radiation dose, while at 2&6.5Gy radiation doses the papillae appeared atrophied.
• True filiform papillae: Some papillae showed typical conical shape till 1Gy radiation dose, while at 2&6.5Gy the papillae showed deformities in shape together with atrophy and detectable increase in interpapillary regions.
Both (Garlic) and (Garlic & Ginger) protected Groups:
• Simple filiform papillae: The papillae maintained their conical shape till 2Gy radiation dose and showed rough surface, while at 6.5Gy the papillae appeared thin conical shape with rough surface.
• Gaint filiform papillae: In (Ga P G) at 0.5&1Gy radiation doses, the papillae maintained their conical shape and pointed tips. While in (Ga&Gi P G) papillae showed thin conical shape till 2Gy radiation dose. At 6.5Gy the papillae in both groups showed blunt tips.
• True filiform papillae: In (Ga P G) the papillae maintained their conical shape till 1Gy radiation dose and demonstrated smooth surface, while at 2Gy the papillae showed slight deformities in their shape. In (Ga&Gi P G) the papillae maintained their conical shape till 2Gy.
At 6.5Gy in both protected subgroups, the papillae showed deformities in their shape and orientation with detectable increase in interpapillary regions.
Ginger protected Group (Gi P G):
• Simple filiform papillae: The papillae maintained their conical shape till 2Gy radiation dose and showed rough surface with torn keratin, while at 6.5Gy the papillae appeared atrophied.
• Gaint filiform papillae: The papillae maintained their conical and pointed tips till 2Gy radiation dose. While at 6.5Gy the papillae were reduced in height and lost their regular shape.
• True filiform papillae: The papillae appeared regular conical shape till 2Gy, while at 6.5Gy the papillae showed deformities in their shape.
(II)Fungiform papillae:
Irradiated group (R G): Till 2Gy radiation dose the fungiform papillae appeared cauliflower shape with obvious keratin scales and detectable taste pores at their central regions. While at 6.5Gy the papilla appeared atrophied with hardly detected taste pore.
In all protected experimental groups: The papillae maintained their shape till 6.5Gy with obvious taste pores, except in (Gi p4) subgroup in which the fungiform papilla lost its typical shape with hardly detected taste pore.
(III) Circumvallate papillae:
Irradiated group (R G): The papillae appeared central papillary part with tapered end and surrounded by uniform trough till 0.5Gy, while at 1&2Gy the papillae showed central papillary part with less detected micro ridges. At 6.5Gy the papilla appeared distorted and atrophied.
In all protected groups: The papillae maintained their regular shape in all subgroups.
By statistical analysis, the number of vacuolated cells in epithelium covering the three papillae increased in a dose dependent manner. The highest vacuolated cells numbers was represented in irradiated group, followed by ginger protected group then garlic protected group. The least number of vacuolated cells was detected in combined garlic and ginger protected group.