الفهرس 
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Abstract
English Summary
Introduction:
Obesity is the heavy accumulation of fat in body to such a degree that it rapidly increases the risk of diseases that can damage the health and knock years off life, such as heart disease and diabetes.
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes frequently occur together, and statistics show that 60–90% of all patients with Type 2Diabetes Mellitus are obese. Obesity is generally considered to be a strong risk for the later development of Type 2Diabetes Mellitus. Obesity also is a common and well documented risk factor for non alcoholic fatty liver.
Obesity has harmful effect on the sex hormones and sexual life of adult human male by reduction the levels of sex hormones(total and free testosterone), spermatogenesis, and cause erectile dysfunction.
The obesity is causal of diminished sperm count and sperm density, such findings may relate to endocrine abnormalities of obese males.
where lower total and free levels of testosterone are found, it can be inferred that the levels reflect decreased testicular testosterone production, and lower intratesticular testosterone levels would be expected as well. Intratesticular testosterone levels are correlated with spermatogenesis.
The obesity also cause insulin resistance. The term ”insulin resistance” usually connotes resistance to the effects of insulin on glucose uptake, metabolism, or storage. Insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes is manifested by decreased insulin-stimulated glucose transport and metabolism in adipocytes and skeletal muscle and by impaired suppression of hepatic glucose output.
Aim of work:
This study has been conducted to present the harmful effect of obesity and overweight on:
1- The blood glucose levels and insulin in body.
2- Insulin resistance.
3- Its effect on the levels of sex hormones in males.
And to evaluate the effect of Simvastatin and Ezetimibe against the induced obesity, and how can cause improvement in the levels of male sex hormones, and decreasing the obesity levels.
Materials and Methods:
The present study was carried out on a total number of 100 healthy, adult male Sprague Dawley rats, weighing between 150-200 gm were used.
These rats were divided into 5 groups, each one contain 20 rats. Control one which rats fed on low fat diets , and the other4 groups fed on high fat diets.
After 4 weeks from starting of experiment , the cholesterol drugs were added as the following:
Group1(control): The male rats are in normal weight (low fatty diet).
Group 2( obese ): Obese Male Rats (Without any treatments). Fed on high fat diet.
Group 3 : ezetimibe as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia was added to drinking water by dose (20 mg/kg/day).
Group 4 : simvastatin as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia was added to drinking water by dose (20 mg/kg/day).
Group5: (ezetimibe + simvastatin) as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia was added to drinking water by dose (20 mg/kg/day) for each one.
Blood samples were collected 2 times; Blood samples were collected from all groups (10 rats from each group) after 4 weeks, and 8 weeks from treatments administration after overnight fasting
Biochemical parameters:
1- Total testosterone (T T).
2- Free testosterone (F T).
3- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH).
4- Luteinizing hormone (LH).
5- Alanine transaminase (A.L.T).
6- Aspartate transferase (A.S.T).
7- Insulin.
8- Insulin sensitivity index.
9- Fasting blood sugar (FBS).
10-Lipid profile: cholesterol, Triglyceride, High density lipoprotein (H.D.L), Low density lipoprotein (L.D.L), Very low density lipoprotein (V.L.D.L).
11- creatinine.
Results:
our results reported that the levels of both total and free testosterone decrease with increasing the degree of obesity. And also the highest levels of them found in control group and the lowest level was recorded in obese group. So there is a negative correlation between obesity and both of total and free testosterone.
from recorded results, by increasing the obesity degree, the levels of both (LH) and (FSH) increased which recoreded a positive correlation between them. Thus, there is a negative correlation between level of testosterone and both of (LH) and (FSH).
Also, from the results the highest levels of insulin and (FBS) were recorded in obese group, and the lowest found in control one. So there is a positive correlation between obesity and both of insulin and (FBS).
from our results, by increasing the degree of obesity , the level of insulin resistance increase. So there is a positive correlation between them.
Also , the insulin resistance have a positive correlation with both of insulin and (FBS).
Group 5 which were received combination from 2 drugs of hypercholesterolemia record the highest level of testosterone after the control one.
Conclusion
A condition of obesity is a major risk factors for a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance plays an important role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), hypertension, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, stroke, certain forms of cancer, and reduction of male fertility. also accompanied by low testosterone levels. So the obesity has been shown to inversely affect on levels of total and free testosterone, by reduction of spermatogenesis.
Also the combination of simvastatin + ezetimibe as treatments for hypercholesterolemia result in the lowest level of cholesterol and FBS and highest improvement in insulin sensitivity index, total, and free testosterone levels among treated groups.