الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Effect of inorganic, organic and biofertilization of NPK on vegetative growth, yield and quality of fruits:Only 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 174 |  |  |
| | | from | 174 | | |
Abstract
This study was carried out during three consecutive seasons 2005/2006, 2006/2007 and 2007/2008 on 96 uniforms in vigour 10- years old Superior grapevines and 96 uniforms in vigour 10- years old Red Globe grapevines grown in a private vineyard located at Matay district, Minia Governorate. The vineyard soil is silty. The selected vines for both Superior and Flame seedless grapevine cvs are planted at 3.0 m (between rows) × 1.5 m (between vines) apart. Superior grapevines were trained by cane system leaving 72 eyes/ vine (6 fruiting canes × 10 eyes plus 6 renewal spurs × 2 eyes) using Gable supporting system.
Red Globe grapevines were trained as cordonic method leaving 48 eyes (4 arms × 6 fruiting spurs × 2 eyes) using Gable supporting system. Winter pruning was carried out at the last week of December for Superior grape cv. and at the first week of January for Red Globe grape cv. in the three seasons. Surface irrigation system was followed.
This study aimed to throw some light on the effect of four biofertilizers namely Nitrobein, Phosphorein, Potasein and yeast applied with 50 % of the recommended NPK on behavior of buds, some vegetative growth characters, leaf chemical composition, yield and fruit quality of Superior and Red Globe grape cvs.
This experiment included two factors (A , B). The first factor (A) consisted from six biofertilization treatments namely: -
a1) Application of the recommended rate of NPK namely 1.25 kg compost (2.0 % N) + 385 g ammonium sulphate (20.6 % N) + 330 g calcium superphosphate (15.5 % P2O5) + 300 g potassium sulphate (48 % K2O) without any biofertilizers / vine.
a2) Application 50 % of the previous mineral recommended fertilizers + Nitrobein biofertilizer.
a3) Application 50 % of the previous mineral recommended fertilizers + Phosphorein biofertilizer.
a4) Application 50 % of the previous mineral recommended fertilizers + Potasein biofertilizer.
a5) Application 50 % of the previous mineral recommended fertilizers + Nitrobein + Phosphoren biofertilizers.
a6) Application 50 % of the previous mineral recommended fertilizers + Nitrobeine + Phosphorein + Potasein biofertilizers.
While the second factor (B) comprised from four yeast application frequencies (at fixed rate i,e 30 g / vine) namely b1¬) nil, b2 once, b3 twice and b4 thrice. Therefore, the experiment included 24 treatments for each grapevine cv. Each treatment was replicated four times, one vine, per each (96 vines for Superior and 96 vines for Red Globe grapevine cvs).
Compost El- Nile organic fertilizer was added once just after winter pruning (last week of Dec. and 1st week of Jan. for Superior and Red Globe grape cvs. respectively). Nitrogen fertilizer was added at three unequal botches, 50 % at growth start, 25 % just after berry setting and 25 % at three weeks later. Phosphate fertilizer was added twice just after organic addition and after berry setting. Potassium fertilizer was added twice at the same tow previous dates. Biofertilizers namely Nitrobein, Phosphorein, Ptasein and Yeast were added at 100 g / vine, 100 g / vine, 2 cm3 / L and 30 g/ vine, respectively. Both Nitrobein and Phosphorein were added once at growth start. Yeast frequencies were once (when growth was completed). Twice (when growth was completed and again at first bloom) and Thrice the same two dates and after berry setting). Potasein was added at the same three dates of using yeast. Biofertilizers were added in digs 10 cm. depth around the trunk of each vine about 25 cm. far from trunk followed by irrigation.
The experiment was set up in randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement where the six biofertilization treatments occupied the main plots and the four yeast frequencies ranked the subplots. This design was followed in both grapevine cvs.
During the three seasons, the following parameters were measured:
1- Percentages of fruiting and non- fruiting shoots and latent buds.
2- Number of leaves and number of lateral shoots per main shoot, leaf area (cm2).
3- Percentages of N, P and K in the leaves.
4- Yield / vine expressed in weight (kg) and number of clusters per vine, cluster weight (g) and dimensions (length and shoulder).
5- Physical characters of the berries namely berry weight (g) and dimensions (longitudinal and equatorial in cm.) and berry shape index value.
6- Chemical characteristics of the berries namely T.S.S. % Total sugars %, Total acidity % and T.S.S. / acid.
The nearly same obtained data in Thompson three seasons could be arranged as follows: -
1- Behaviour of buds:
Biofertilization with Nitrobeine, Phosphorene or Potasin either singly or in combination with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK materially enhanced percentage of fruiting shoots and reduced non- fruiting shoots as comparing with unbiofertilization. Nitrobeine biofertilizer surpassed the application of the other two biofertilizers. Using NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK plus Nitrobeine + Phosphorene + Potasin gave good results with regard to fruiting shoots. Latent bud did not alter with biofertilization treatments.
Application of yeast once, twice or thrice was very effective in enhancing percentages of fruiting shoots and reducing non- fruiting shoots as comparing with unbiofertilization with yeast. Carrying out three sprays of yeast gave the maximum values of fruiting shoots. Yeast treatments had no effect on latent buds %.
The maximum fruiting shoots was recorded on the vines received NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK plus the four biofertilizers. The studied interaction had no effect on latent buds %.
2- Vegetative growth characteristics:
Biofertilization effectively stimulated all growth characters namely number of leaves and number of lateral shoots per main shoots, leaf area comparing with unbiofertilization.
In descending order, application of Nitrobeine, Phosphorene and Potasin was very effective in enhancing growth characters. The best results were obtained on the vines received NPK at 50% of the suitable NPK plus the three biofertilizers.
Growth characters were gradually stimulated in response to increasing number of yeast sprays. The maximum values were recorded on the vines that received three sprays of yeast.
Treating the vines with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK plus the four biofertilizers gave the maximum values.
3- Percentages of N, P and K in the leaves:
Biofertilization with the three biofertilizers either applied singly or in combinations with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK resulted in the highest increase in N, P and K in the leaves comparing with unbiofertilization. Application of Nitrobeine surpassed the application of the other biofertilizers in this respect.
Biofertilization with the three biofertilizers along with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK effectively maximized these nutrients.
Application of yeast once, twice or thrice was accompanied with enhancing N, P and K in the leaves comparing with unbiofertilization.
The maximum nutrients were recorded on the vines fertilized with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK and biofertilized with the four biofertilizers.
4- Yield as well as weight and dimensions of cluster:
Yield expressed in weight and number of clusters per vine as well as cluster weight and dimensions were positively affected by the three biofertilizers with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK comparing with unbiofertilization. The promotion was associated with using Nitrobeine, Phosphorene and Potasin in descending order. The maximum values were obtained on the vines received NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK plus the three biofertilizers.
There was a gradual promotion on the yield as well as cluster weight and dimensions with increasing number of sprays of yeast. The highest values were recorded on the vines that sprayed three times with yeast.
An economical yield was obtained when vines received NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK plus the four biofertilizers.
5- Quality of the berries:
Biofertilization of the two grapevine cvs Superior and Red Globe with Nitrobeine, Phosphorene and Potasin either singly or in combinations with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK effectively improved quality of the berries in terms of increasing berry weight and dimensions, T.S.S., total sugars % and T.S.S. / acid and decreasing total acidity comparing with unbiofertilization. Berries tended to be oval with biofertilization treatments. The best results were obtained on the vines fertilized with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK plus the three biofertilizers.
Yeast treatment had no effect on the shape of berries. Application of yeast caused considerable promotion on quality of the berries rather than non- application. The best results were recorded on the vines that received three sprays of yeast.
The best results with regard to quality of the berries were obtained when the vines received NPK at % of the suitable NPK plus the four biofertilizers.
Conclusion: -
For facilitating export and improving yield and quality of the berries of Superior and Red Globe grapevines it is suggested to fertilize the vines with NPK at 50 % of the suitable NPK + Nitrobein + Phosphorein + Potasin + Yeast.
In Superior grape cv. according to yield weight 12.4 – 7.6 (kg/ vine) it was found that production weight/ feddan was 11.2 – 6.8 ton, whereas tone price is 3000 L.E., then the economic income is equal 33600 – 20400 L.E. feddan as equal price.
Therefore, the best treatment produced 11.2 ton/ feddan. For export, ton price equals 7000 L.E and increased net return fed 57000 L.E. by 23400 L.E. for local and 36600 L.E. for export over the control treatment in both seasons for Superior grape cv.