الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
It is the golden age of stem cell research. Stem cells are cells that have the ability of renewal and differentiation early in embryonic life and continue throughout postnatal and adult tissues. It has been suggested that they are responsible for tissue development, tissue repair. According to the stem cells potency, ability to differentiate; they are classified into: a) cells that can form whole body of the organism b) cells that can form most of the body tissues and c) cells that can form some types of tissues. According to the source of stem cells, we can find them in the embryo, fetus, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, placenta and adult tissues such as stem cells in the skin and gastrointestinal tract.
Adult tissues contain stem cells which work continuously to regenerate new blood cells. These stem cells found mainly in bone marrow and peripheral blood and recently they were identified in some other tissues like muscles, synovium and tooth pulp.
Many theories tried to explain why stem cell goes to proliferate or differentiate. The more recent theories postulated a complicated mechanism in which many genes, transcription factors; extracellular matrix, cell-cell interaction and basal lamina play role in the decision for proliferation or differentiation.
Stem cell can be cultured in vitro and stimulated to proliferate and that is very important as a small amount of stem cells can be isolated, cultured, proliferated and directed toward a specific cell lineage. Then it can be used for cell therapy. Stem cell have been used in treatment of incurable disease such as leukemia, some other cancer types, bone defects, liver, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord and brain injuries. It can be used for gene therapy and transplantation. But the way of stem cell research and application is still long and needs a great effort to establish this type of treatment.
Stem cell transplantion can be done under general or regional anaesthesia (GA or RA). There is no ‘anaesthesia of choice’ for this procedure. Although both methods of anaesthesia are generally considered safe and are commonly used, there are only a few reports in which their safety and efficacy. Some cases may need Subarachnoid injection of Stem Cells Although Stem Cells infusion into the subarachnoid space is a relatively simple procedure, an experienced anesthesiologist is required to perform this procedure due to various problems encountered in these patients. Significant number of patients had traumatic paraplegia; performing a lumbar puncture in these patients was technically difficult paraplegic Cerebral Palsy. Neuronal cell death after general anesthesia has recently been documented in several immature animal models. Worldwide, volatile anesthetics are used in millions of young children every year during surgical procedures and imaging studies. The possibility of anesthesia-induced neurotoxicity during an uneventful anesthetic in neonates or infants has led to serious questions about the safety of pediatric anesthesia. However, the applicability of animal data to clinical anesthesia practice remains uncertain. In the present review, we assess the evidence for the effects of commonly used anesthetics on neuronal structure and neurocognitive function in newborn humans and animals.