الفهرس 
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Abstract
Mastitis is a serious problem in dairy farms not only for the associated economic losses but also because of its hazards of zoonotic diseases. Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory disease of cow and buffaloes mammary gland caused by various infectious or non infectious etiological agents. The defense mechanisms of the mammary gland against mastitis causing pathogens are mediated by several anatomical and soluble protective factors Therefore, the current study was undertaken to know if there was any difference in bacteriological and immunological parameters on mastitis between buffaloes and cows or not, this study had done on 220 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows from 4 dairy herds and 110 lactating buffaloes from 2 dairy herds in Bohera governorate. Bacteriological examination showed that S. aureus was isolated with percent of 32.8% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 34.6% in case of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that S. aureus percent was higher in buffaloes than in cows in case of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological examination showed that S. aureus was isolated with percent of 31.5% in case of clinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 33.3% in case of clinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that S. aureus percent was higher in buffaloes than in cows in case of clinical mastitis also. Bacteriological examination showed that S. aureus was isolated with percent of 11.1% in case of chronic mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 28.6% in case of chronic mastitis in buffaloes, this means that S. aureus percent was higher in buffaloes than in cows in case of chronic mastitis also. So from these results S. aureus was isolated with average percent of 31.5% in case of cow mastitis while S. aureus was isolated with average percent of 33.2% in case of buffaloes mastitis, so there was a difference in S. aureus isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed that Coagulase Negative Staphylococci (CNS) was isolated with percent of 18.3% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 22.6% in case of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that CNS percent was higher in buffaloes than in cows in case of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological examination showed that CNS was isolated with percent of 5.6% in case of clinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 12.7% in case of clinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that CNS percent was higher in buffaloes than in cows in clinical mastitis also. Bacteriological examination showed that CNS was isolated with percent of 11.1% in case of chronic mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 0.0% in case of chronic mastitis in buffaloes, this means that CNS percent was higher in cows than in buffaloes in chronic mastitis. So from these results CNS was isolated with average percent of 15.2% in case of cow mastitis while CNS was isolated with average percent of 18.9% in case of buffaloes mastitis, so there was a difference in CNS isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed that Str. aggalactiae was isolated with percent of 8.9% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 6.6% in case of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that Str. aggalactiae percent was higher in cows than in buffaloes in case of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological examination showed that Str. aggalactiae was isolated with percent of 6.7% in case of clinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 3.2% in case of clinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that Str. aggalactiae percent was higher in cows than in buffaloes in case of clinical mastitis. Bacteriological examination showed that Str. aggalactiae was not isolated in both cows and buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. So from these results Str. aggalactiae was isolated with average percent of 6.1% in case of cow mastitis while Str. aggalactiae was isolated with average percent of 4.1% in case of buffaloes mastitis, so there was a difference in Str. aggalactiae isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed that E. coli was isolated with percent of 23.9% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 20.6% in case of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that E. coli percent was higher in cows than in buffaloes in case of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological examination showed that E. coli was isolated with percent of 28.1% in case of clinical mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 28.6% in case of clinical mastitis in buffaloes, this means that E. coli percent was nearly similar in both cows and buffaloes in case of clinical mastitis. Bacteriological examination showed that E. coli was isolated with percent of 55.5% in case of chronic mastitis in cows while isolated with percent of 28.6% in case of chronic mastitis in buffaloes, this means that E. coli percent was more higher in cows than in buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. So from these results E. coli was isolated with average percent of 22.7% in case of cow mastitis while E. coli was isolated with average percent of 20.0% in case of buffaloes mastitis, so there was a difference in E. coli isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed mixed infection between S. aureus and Str. agalactiae with percent of 1.7% and 1.2% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes, respectively, both percents were nearly similar. While in case of clinical mastitis percent was 2.2% and 1.6% in cows and buffaloes, respectively. And the percent was 0.0% in both cows and buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. The average percent was 2.2% and 0.9% in cows and buffaloes, respectively, so there was a difference in mixed infection between S. aureus and Str. agalactiae isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed mixed infection between CNS and Str. agalactiae with percent of 1.7% and 2.1% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes, respectively, both percents were nearly similar. While in case of clinical mastitis percent was 2.2% and 1.6% in cows and buffaloes, respectively. And the percent was 5.6% and 0.0% cows and buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. The average percent was 1.8% and 1.4% in cows and buffaloes, respectively, so there was a difference in mixed infection between CNS and Str. agalactiae isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed mixed infection between CNS and E. coli with percent of 3.5% and 1.2% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes, respectively, both percents were nearly similar. While in case of clinical mastitis percent was 1.7% and 6.3% in cows and buffaloes, respectively. And the percent was 5.6% and 14.3% cows and buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. The average percent was 4.0% and 3.2% in cows and buffaloes, respectively, so there was a difference in mixed infection between CNS and E. coli isolation percent between cows and buffaloes.
Bacteriological examination showed mixed infection between S. aureus and E. coli with percent of 1.7% and 2.1% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes, respectively, both percents were nearly similar. While in case of clinical mastitis percent was 5.6% and 7.9% in cows and buffaloes, respectively. And the percent was 5.6% and 14.3% cows and buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. The average percent was 6.7% and 5.9% in cows and buffaloes, respectively, so there was a difference in mixed infection between S. aureus and E. coli isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. Bacteriological examination showed mixed infection between Str. agalactiae and E. coli with percent of 0.7% and 1.2% in case of subclinical mastitis in cows and buffaloes, respectively, both percents were nearly similar. While in case of clinical mastitis percent was 1.7% and 1.6% in cows and buffaloes, respectively. And the percent was 5.6% and 0.0% cows and buffaloes in case of chronic mastitis. The average percent was 1.6% and 1.1% in cows and buffaloes, respectively, so there was a difference in mixed infection between Str. agalactiae and E. coli isolation percent between cows and buffaloes. There was also a difference between cows and buffaloes according to no bacterial growth in mastitis milk samples where there was no bacterial growth in case of cows mastitis with percent of 8.2% and in case of buffaloes mastitis with percent of 11.4%, so we can say that buffaloes are more resistant to mastitis than cows. In this study we used some immunological parameters such as lysozyme and nitric oxide (NO) as indicator of activated macrophages due to NO synthesis in macrophages is the first response to bacterial infections, both lysozyme and NO used as indicators to mastitis in cows and buffaloes and also used as indicators to different degrees of mastitis. We used also the total antioxidant capacity (TAO) where oxidative stress is a term commonly used to denote the imbalance between the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) and the antioxidative defense mechanisms. Free radicals are produced as a result of pathogen phagocytosis when mastitis occurs, which may result in lesion of mammary epithelial cell and decreased milk secretion. So we used TAO as indicator of mastitis in both cows and buffaloes and also as indicator of different mastitis degrees. And used the Malondialdehyde (MDA) which considers a marker of both oxidative stress and the antioxidant status, MDA is a by-product of lipid peroxidation and used as an index of the rate of tissue reaction chain. MDA used as an indicator of oxidative stress in cells and tissues so it used as indicator of mastitis in both cows and buffaloes and also as indicator of different mastitis degrees. Results in this study showed that the lysozyme level was higher in milk serum (whey) and blood serum of buffaloes than in cows, also results showed that the total antioxidant capacity (TAO) level was higher in buffalo’s milk and blood serum than in cows. The Malondialdehyde (MDA) level was lower in buffalo’s milk and blood serum than in cows and this means that oxidative stress in cells and tissues of buffaloes was less than in cows. The nitric oxide (NO) level was lower in buffalo’s milk and blood serum than in cows. Results showed that the infection with S. aureus, CNS, Str. agalactiae and E. coli gave higher level of lysozyme and total antioxidant capacity in buffaloes than in cows while gave lower level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide in buffaloes than in cows. Results showed that the higher level of lysozyme and total antioxidant capacity was in case of infection with E. coli, while the higher level of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide was in case of infection with S. aureus. The level of lysozyme was non-significant at (P > 0.05) in mixed infection by S. aureus with CNS, S. aureus with Str. agalactiae and Str. agalactiae with E. coli. The level of malondialdehyde was non-significant at (P > 0.05) in mixed infection by S. aureus with CNS, CNS with Str. agalactiae and CNS with E. coli. The level of malondialdehyde was significant at (P = 0.05) in mixed infection by S. aureus with E. coli, while Significant at (P < 0.01) in mixed infection by Str. agalactiae with E. coli and significant at (P < 0.001) in mixed infection by S. aureus with Str. agalactiae. The level of nitric oxide was Significant at (P = 0.05) in mixed infection by Str. agalactiae with E. coli. The level of nitric oxide was significant at (P < 0.001) in mixed infection by S. aureus with CNS, S. aureus with Str. agalactiae, S. aureus with E. coli, CNS with Str. agalactiae and CNS with E. coli. The level of TAO was non-significant at (P > 0.05) in mixed infectionby S. aureus with CNS, S. aureus with E. coli, CNS with E. coli and Str. agalactiae with E. coli The level of TAO was significant at (P = 0.05) in mixed infection by S. aureus with Str. agalactiae, while significant at (P < 0.001) in mixed infection by CNS with Str. agalactiae. In this study, statistical analysis showed that the correlations among S. aureus and lysozyme in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows was -0.38, -0.12 and 0.35 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of chronic mastitis. Statistical analysis also showed that the correlations among S. aureus and lysozyme in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was 0.06, -0.39 and 0.50 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of chronic mastitis. The correlations among S. aureus and TAO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows was -0.20, -0.52 and 0.65 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of chronic mastitis. While the correlations among S. aureus and TAO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was 0.55, -0.31 and 0.27 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of subclinical mastitis followed by chronic mastitis.
Moreover, the correlations among S. aureus and MDA in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows were -0.26, 0.07 and -0.37 respectively, and this mean that there was no strong positive correlation occurred. Also showed that the correlations among S. aureus and MDA in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was 0.43, -0.39 and 0.068 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of subclinical mastitis. And among S. aureus and NO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows was 0.06, -0.28 and -0.20 respectively, and this means that there were no strong positive correlation occurred. Statistical analysis also showed that the correlations among S. aureus and NO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was -0.19, -0.07 and -0.31respectively, and this means that there were no strong positive correlation occurred. Concerning the correlations among CNS and lysozyme in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows 0.24, 0.54 and 0.35 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of clinical mastitis followed by chronic mastitis then subclinical mastitis.
Statistical analysis also showed that the correlations among CNS and lysozyme in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was 0.11, -0.44 and 0.45 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of chronic mastitis. In this study, statistical analysis showed that the correlations among CNS and TAO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows was -0.43, -0.11 and 0.65 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of chronic mastitis. While the correlations among CNS and TAO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was -0.39, -0.30 and 0.60 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of chronic mastitis. Also the correlations among CNS and MDA in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows were 0.42, -0.39 and -0.37 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of subclinical mastitis. In the same time the correlations among CNS and MDA in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was -0.16, -0.47 and -0.10 respectively, and this means that there were no strong positive correlation occurred. While the correlations among CNS and NO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in cows was 0.35, 0.63 and -0.20 respectively, and this means that strong positive correlation was in case of clinical mastitis followed by subclinical mastitis. Statistical analysis also showed that the correlations among CNS and NO in subclinical, clinical and chronic mastitis in buffaloes was 0.13, 0.09 and -0.21 respectively, and this means that there were no strong positive correlation occurred. In this current study, we revealed that in case of S. aureus infection to the mammary gland, the levels of IgA in milk whey were higher in buffaloes than in cows in all stages of mastitis at significant of (P < 0.001). Moreover, the IgA level was higher in recurrent (chronic) mastitis followed by clinical mastitis then subclinical mastitis at significant of (P < 0.01). Also in this current study, we revealed that in case of E. coli infection to the mammary gland, The levels of IgA in milk whey were higher in buffaloes than in cows in control group and subclinical mastitis at significant of (P < 0.01) while in clinical and recurrent (chronic) mastitis at significant of (P = 0.05). Moreover, the IgA level was higher in recurrent (chronic) mastitis followed by clinical mastitis then subclinical mastitis at significant of (P < 0.01).
This current study revealed that in case of S. aureus infection to the mammary gland, there were non-significant differences between cows and buffaloes in the level of complement component 3 (C3) in milk whey in the different stages of mastitis. Moreover, the C3 level was higher in recurrent (chronic) mastitis followed by clinical mastitis then subclinical mastitis at significant of (P < 0.01). Also this current study revealed that in case of E. coli infection to the mammary gland, there were non-significant differences between cows and buffaloes in the level of C3 in milk whey in the different stages of mastitis. Moreover, the C3 level was higher in recurrent (chronic) mastitis followed by clinical mastitis then subclinical mastitis at significant of (P < 0.01).