الفهرس 
Review of the literatureOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Fanconi anemia (FA) is an inherited bone marrow failure syndrome associated with congenital abnormalities, progressive bone marrow failure leading to death or the need for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, recurrent infection and a predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia and specific solid tumors. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are derived from the metabolism of molecular oxygen. Damage to DNA by ROS has been widely accepted as a major cause of cancer. The increase of antioxidant status which is achieved through sufficient intake of antioxidants has been hypothesized to play an important role in protection against chronic disease in human.
Astaxanthin is a very strong antioxidant. Also it has a very effective quenching effect against singlet oxygen, powerful scavenging ability free radicals. In this study Astaxanthin that was added at the start of culture for the correction of chromosomal breakage induced by caffeine in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures of patients with Fanconi anemia. In addition were compared its effects with that α tocopherol on chromosomal breakage.
This study included 15 Fanconi anemia patients, all subjected to the following, complete blood count, serum immunoglobulin profile, that included IgG, IgM, IgA,IgE, Peripheral blood lymphocytes culture for 72 hours was prepared for conventional cytogenetic study to detect the base line chromosomal breakage, induction of chromosomal breakage by the Diepoxybutane (DEB) and Caffeine, and the effect of astaxanthin and α tocopherol on the level of induced chromosomal breakage .
The results of this study revealed a highly significant difference between the chromosomal breakage from culture with caffeine alone and culture with caffeine added to it astaxanthin (P<0.0001) .The level of breakage was markedly reduced by using astaxanthin. On the other hand there was no significant difference between the protective effect of α tocopherol and astaxanthin (P>0.5). Astaxanthin and vitamin E were highly effective in protection against oxidative damage expressed as chromosomal breakage. Astaxanthin is found in abundance in nature and may be safer than vitamin E.
There was a highly significant difference between the breakage frequency induced by caffeine and DEB (p<0.0001), with markedly increased chromosomal breakage level using DEB. Only few cells have shown the characteristic chromosomal breakage by using caffeine.
The averages of the immunoglobulin test studied are within normal values. However the results of only one case has revealed low level of IgE, IgG, IgM, IgA and low CBC profile. This patient suffers from hypo immunoglobulinemia. This condition often presents with recurrent infections resulting from immunodeficiencies.
In conclusion, astaxanthin is a very powerful antioxidant and it is suggested to be a bioactive natural carotenoid that might be important for FA patients to improve their prooxidant status and immunologic condition, also it might protect the FA patients from cancer development.