الفهرس 
Embryology, anatomy, and physiology of the neonatal kidneyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Acute renal failure in the newborn is a common problem and is typically classified as pre‐renal , intrinsic renal disease including vascular insults , and obstructive uropathy. In the newborn , renal failure may have a prenatal onset in congenital diseases such as renal dysplasia with or without obstructive uropathy and in genetic diseases such as autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease. Acute renal failure in the newborn is also commonly acquired in the postnatal period because of hypoxic ischemic injury and toxic insults. Nephrotoxic acute renal failure in newborns is usually associated with aminoglycoside antibiotics and non steroidal anti‐inflammatory medications used to close a patent ductus arteriosus. Alteraons in renal funcon occur in approximately 40% of premature newborns who have received indomethacin and such alterations are usually reversible. Once intrinsic renal failure has become established, management of the acute complications of acute renal failure continues to involve appropriate management of fluid balance, electrolyte status, acid base balance, nutrition and the initiation of renal replacement therapy when appropriate . Renal replacement therapy may be provided by peritoneal dialysis, intermittent hemodialysis, or hemofiltration with or without a dialysis circuit. The preferential use of hemofiltrations by pediatric nephrologists is increasing while the use of peritoneal dialysis is decreasing except for neonates and small infants. Peritoneal dialysis has been a major modality of therapy for acute renal failure in the neonate when vascular access may be difficult to maintain.