الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
End stage renal disease is a major worldwide health problem. Although dialysis and kidney transplantation are currently used to treat this condition, Kidney regeneration as a novel approach including Tissue engineering , Stem cell applications, Gene therapy , and Technological advances in renal replacement therapy may one day be possible alternative therapies for patients with the hope of delaying kidney failure or even stopping the progression of renal disease.Dialysis is a conventional method but it has many complications. Kidney transplantation remains the most effective treatment; however, organ availability is a great obstacle beside its complications.Recent advances in technology might overcome these problems such as; Human Nephron Filter, Bioartificial Kidney and Wearable artificial kidney.Currently stem cell technologies are cell sources for the treatment of renal diseases including adult stem cells, embryonic stem cells, fetal stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells.results suggest that usage of fetal SCs derived from human metanephric mesenchyme might provide another option for kidney engineering, as well as for cell therapy of renal disorders and the reprogramming of BM derived MSCs exposed to fetal organ kidney tissue culture might be useful for establishing self-organs from autologous SCs and transplanting them as syngrafts back into donor patients.the application of principles and methods of engineering and life sciences toward fundamental understanding of structure-function relationships in normal and pathological mammalian tissues, and the Regenerative Medicine in Renal Diseases development of biological substitutes to restore, maintain, or improve tissue function is called Tissue Engineering and requires; scaffolds, cells and growth factors.To build a living system to replace lost structures in humans and to create a large organ such as a liver, kidney, or lung was hampered by the thickness of the living tissue that was needed. so an alternate approaches decellularizing living organs and maintaining the vascular scaffolding of a tissue then recellularization has been reported.Three-dimensional (3-D) in vitro cell culture, in which cells are grown in environments that more closely mimic native tissue architecture and function, have important applications in developmental/cell biology but the current methods are limited by expense and/or difficulty.So the three scaffold-free delivery formats were proposed and currently applied in pre-clinical and clinical trials including: single cell injections, cell sheet technology and micro-tissue technology.Gene therapy is a term used to describe the introduction of genetic material into particular cells or tissues in order to produce a therapeutic effect Gene therapy became increasingly championed by scientists and clinicians as the ideal treatment for patients suffering from few monogenic diseases.The in vivo use of DNA or RNA in order to restore, recover or modulate gene function and cure a wide range of genetic and acquired diseases is the ultimate goal of Gene Therapy.The kidney is a challenging organ for Gene Therapy due to the complexity of its structures, but the gene delivery encourages the trial for Regenerative Medicine in Renal Diseases treatment of hereditary diseases, acute and chronic kidney disease, glomerulonephritis and renal fibrosis.Gene therapy for renal diseases is more practical and less invasive because it provides high efficiency and long-lasting gene expression .However, the risk of the systemic delivery is concerned about side effect on other organs.Essentially, it is generally agreed that RM is a new multidisciplinary field of medicine with the potential to cause a step change in the delivery of healthcare and the main purpose of RM is to replace missing tissue and buttress the body’s natural healing ability and recent research has uncovered enticing data that several cell types within the kidney have innate regenerative capacity.