الفهرس 
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a gram-negative, spiral-shaped pathogenic bacterium that specifically colonizes in the gastric epithelium and causes chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and/or gastric malignancies.
Diabetes mellitus (DM), a chronic disease marked by high levels of sugar in the blood, is common and increasing around the world.
The mammalian stomach produces leptin and ghrelin, 2 hormones involved in energy homeostasis and whose interactions affect obesity, insulin sensitivity, and glucose homeostasis. Increasing evidence indicates that H. pylori is involved in the regulation of these 2 hormones.
The relationship between DM and HP infection is controversial. According to some studies, there is a high prevalence of HP infection in patients with either Type 1 or Type 2 DM which is correlated with the duration of DM, the presence of dyspeptic symptoms, cardiovascular manifestation autonomic neuropathy, age, gender, BMI, blood pressure, fasting glucose, and the glycated hemoglobin levels (HbA1c). This could be related to a reduced gastric motility and peristaltic activity, various chemical changes in gastric mucosa following nonezymatic glycosylation processes and an impaired nonspecific immunity observed in diabetic patients. In contrast, other studies showed that HP infection is not associated with DM, as the absence of microangiopathy in patients with DM may be a negative factor for colonization HP, because microvascular changes in the gastric mucosa may create an unfavourable environment for the establishment or survival of HP.
There have been some studies suggesting the association between H. pylori infection and endothelial dysfunction; Our hypothesis was that if H. pylori infection is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis a significant association might exist between H. pylori infection and microalbuminuria, which is an early marker of atherosclerosis in cases of diabetes mellitus. The mechanisms underlying increased urinary albumin excretion are complex, but endothelial cell dysfunction appears to be a major pathogenic contributor.
Systematic review has reported a positive association between H. pylori infection and a homeostatic model of assessing insulin resistance. H. pylori infection was significantly associated with metabolic syndrome and that H. pylori infection was associated with higher fasting serum insulin levels and HBA1C levels.
The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with non-ulcerative dyspepsia and to evaluate the relationship between H. pylori infection and the glycemic control and microalbuminuria.
This study included two groups of patients:
Group I: included 30 patients, non-diabetic with dyspeptic symptoms.
Group II: included 30 patients, with type 2 diabetes with dyspeptic symptoms.