الفهرس 
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Abstract
The current study was imposed during the two successive seasons of 2011 and 2012 on Sewy date palm cultivar, cultivated in experimental farm of Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University (clay soil) and experimental farm of Assiut research station (Arab El-Aoamer)(sandy soil) to study the effect of some N fertilization treatments on yield and vegetative characteristics as well as physical and chemical fruit properties. This study was carried out in two experiments:-
First experiment
This experiment was to compare the effect of some bio, organic and mineral N fertilization treatments on Sewy date palm cultivar grown on clay soil on production and fruit quality. Twelve mature palms of Sewy date cultivar (15 years old) grown in the experimental farm of faculty of agriculture (clay soil) were selected in random, three date palms (3 replicates) were subjected to each treatment, 3 spathes of each replicate were chosen and subjected to determine the properties of fruits the present work included four treatments as follow:
1- 100% mineral (1000) g N per palm as 5 kg ammonium sulphate(T1).
2- 50% organic N as (25 kg compost) + 50% biofertilizer (500 g Nitroben).(T2)
3- 50% organic N as (25 kg compost) + 50% mineral N (2.5 kg ammonium sulphate).(T3)
4- 100% organic N fertilization (50 kg) compost Elobore.(T4)
Second experiment
The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the same treatments of the first experiment 100% mineral N fertilization, 50% organic + 50% biofertilizer, 50% organic + 50% mineral and 100% organic fertilization on vegetative parameter of immature palms (4 years old) of Sewy date palm grown in new reclaimed sandy soil during two investigated seasons of 2011and 2012. Twelve palms were selected in random and divided into 4 group each group included 3 palms (3 replicates). The selected palms were nearly equal size and vigor and subjected to the usual culture practices.
The following measurements were evaluated:
1-Vegetative parameter
Number of new leaves/palm, number of spins, length of spin zone and leaf morphology (leaf length, number of leaflets/leaf, width of leaflet (cm) as well as length of leaflet. Leaflet area (cm2) and leaf area (m2).
2-Yield parameters:
Initial and Horticultural fruit set %, bunch weight and total yield.
3- Physical characteristics:
Average weight of whole fruit and seed, Average of fruit length and fruit diameter and the fruit shape index.
4-Chemical characteristics:
Total soluble solids (T.S.S.) reducing and total sugars. Total titratable acidity % was determined as malic acid.
The two experiments were set up in a complete randomized block design using New L.S.D. test for recognizing the significance differences among the various treatment means
The results of the first experiment could be summarized as follow:
Vegetative parameter
1- Leaf length:
The leaf length significantly affected by using 100% organic N fertilization treatment during the two experimental seasons, comparing with the other treatments the maximum values of leaf length were obtained under 100% organic N fertilization treatment during 2011 and 2012 seasons, while the lowest values of such character were obtained under mineral fertilization.
2- Leaflet length:
Organic N fertilization either alone or in combined with inorganic N fertilization or biofertilization treatments increased leaflet length comparing to inorganic N fertilization (mineral) treatment. The highest values of leaflet length were recorded in the palm fertilized with 100% organic N fertilizer. While the lowest values were recorded under the mineral fertilization
3- Leaflet width:
Data showed that there were gradual and significant promotions in leaflet width during the two experimental seasons, using100%organic N fertilizer treatment recorded the highest leaflet width values comparing to the other treatments during the two seasons, followed by using 50% organic + 50% biofertilizer treatment
4- Leaflet area:
There was a gradual significant promotion in leaflet area under using 100% organic N fertilizer, 50% organic N + 50% mineral and 50% N organic + biofertilizer treatments comparing to using 100% mineral N fertilizer only. The treatment of using 100% organic N fertilization gave the highest leaflet area values followed by the treatment of 50% organic N + 50% mineral N fertilization.
5- Leaf area:
Data showed a remarkable promotion in leaf area under organic N fertilization either alone or in combined with mineral or biofertilization, compared to using inorganic N form alone. The maximum values of leaf area were obtained on palms that supplied with 100% organic N alone.
6- Length of spin zone:
The obtained data declared that 100% organic N fertilization, 50% organic N +50% biofertilizer and 50% organic N + 50% mineral N treatments significantly decreased the length of spin zone compared with 100% mineral N fertilization treatment.
7- Number of spins:
The obtained data declared that applying the palms with organic N fertilization either alone or in combined with mineral or biofertilizer (Nitrobin) decreased the average number of spines, that the least values of number of spins were observed under 100% organic N fertilizer only compared to the control.
8- Number of leaflet:
Data showed that using organic N fertilizer either alone or in combined with mineral N fertilizer or biofertilizer significantly increased the average number of leaflet compared with N inorganic form only. The highest values were obtained under the treatment of 100% N organic fertilization during the two studied seasons.
9- Number of new leaves:
Significant enhancing in number of new leaves were found to be with application of organic N form either alone or in combined with mineral or biofertilizer.
Yield parameters:
1- Initial and horticulture fruit set %:
All treatments significantly increased initial fruit set and horticulture fruit set compared to 100% mineral N fertilization. Using 100%N organic fertilizer gave the highest values of initial and horticulture fruit set during the two experimental seasons, compared to the other N fertilization treatments.
2- Bunch weight and total yield:
The treatment of 100% organic fertilization gave the highest values for bunch weight and total yield while the control 100% mineral N fertilization gave the lowest values for such character.
Physical fruit character:
1- Fruit weight:
There were significant differences between the fertilization treatments during the two seasons. Treatment of 100% organic N gave the highest values of fruit weight compared with the other treatments, followed by 50% organic N + 50% mineral N. While the treatment organic N + biofertilizer gave the lowest values for fruit weight.
2- Fruit size:
The highest values of fruit size were observed under treatment of 100% organic N fertilization followed by the treatment of 50% organic N + 50% mineral. On the other hand the lowest fruit size values were obtained when the palm was fertilized with using 50% organic N + 50% biofertilizer.
3- Specific gravity:
It is clear to notice that specific gravity did not affected by various fertilization treatments during the two studied seasons but the highest values were recorded under 100% organic N fertilization
4- Fruit length
Data cleared a slight effect on fruit length and the treatment of 100% N organic fertilization gave the highest fruit length values. The lowest values of fruit length obtained under 50% organic N + 50% biofertilization N treatment.
5- Fruit diameter:
Using 100% organic N fertilization, (50% organic N + 50% mineral N) and (50% organic N + 50% biofertilizer) treatments significantly increased the fruit diameter compared to using 100% mineral N treatment during the second season, this increment were insignificant during the first season 2011. The highest values of the fruit diameter during 2011 and 2012 seasons were obtained under 100% organic N, followed by using 50% organic n + 50% mineral N.
6- Shape index:
Data showed that 50% organic N+ 50% mineral N gave the highest fruit shape index and significantly increased compared with 100% mineral N fertilization.
7- Pulp weight:
Data cleared that using 100% organic N fertilizer gave the highest values of pulp weight, followed by 50% organic + 50% mineral, while the lowest pulp weight values were under 50% organic + 50% biofertilization treatment.
8- Seed weight:
The result indicated that, no significant difference between the treatments during the two experimental seasons as a result of significant differences on fruit and pulp weight. The highest values of seed weight were obtained under 50% organic + 50% mineral followed by 100% inorganic (mineral) during 2011 season. According to 2012 season the
highest seed weight values were obtained under 100% organic treatment followed by 50% organic +50%biofertilization treatment.
Chemical fruit character:
1- Acidity
According to the results of the two seasons, it is clear to notice that, the values of acidity during the second season were favorable than those of the first season, especially under using 100% N organic fertilizer.
2- TSS:
The obtained data showed that the total soluble solids of the dates, was remarkably enhanced when the palm was fertilized with organic fertilizer either alone or combined with mineral or biofertilizer. The highest values were obtained under using 100% N organic fertilization.
3- Reducing and total sugar:
Data showed that reducing and total sugars as influenced by different N fertilization treatments on Sewy date cultivar during 2011 and 2012 seasons. According to the result using 100% N organic fertilization treatment gave the highest and significantly increased total and reducing sugars.
4- Non-reducing sugar:
Using 100%N organic fertilizers gave the highest non-reducing sugar percentage followed by using 50% organic n + 50% mineral N fertilizer treatment and finally using 100% mineral N fertilizer treatment gave the lowest values during the first and the second seasons.
The result of Second experiment could be summarized as follow:
1- Leaf length:
Data showed that using 100% organic N and using 50% organic N+50% mineral N fertilization treatments significantly increased leaf
Length, the maximum values of such character were obtained under using 100% organic N fertilization treatment during the two experimental seasons.
2- Leaflet length:
The data showed that treatment 50% organic N + 50% mineral N and 100% organic N significantly increased leaflet length compared with the control 100% N inorganic fertilization, while 50% organic N + 50% biofertilizer N significant decreased leaflet length compared with control. 100% N organic N treatment gave the highest values of leaflet length during the two seasons.
3- Leaflet width:
The above mentioned data indicated that, a remarkable promotion during the two seasons under using N organic fertilization either alone or mixture with mineral and biofertilization treatments compared with 100% mineral N fertilization treatment.
4- Leaflet area:
Data indicated that using organic N fertilization either alone or in combined with mineral fertilization significant increased the leaflet area, compared to using inorganic N fertilization only. In addition, using 100% organic N fertilization gave the highest values of leaflet.
5- Leaf area:
The organic N fertilization either alone or in combined with mineral fertilization increased leaf area compared to using 100% mineral fertilization treatment (control). The highest leaf area were obtained under Using 100%organic N fertilization.
6- Length of spin zone:
Application of organic N fertilization either alone or combined with mineral or biform decreased the length of spin zone compared to N inorganic treatment only. The lowest values of the length of spin zone were observed under using 100%N organic fertilization treatment.
7-Average number of spins:
Using 100% mineral N treatment gave the highest number of spin during the two seasons, followed by using 50% organic N + 50% mineral N treatment while the lowest values of number of spins were recorded under using 50% organic N + 50% biofertilizer N treatment during the first Season and using 100% organic N fertilizer treatment during the second season.
8- Average number of leaflet:
Data showed a insignificant increment in the average number of leaflet when the palm was supplyed with organic N either alone or combined to mineral N compared with the control (100% N mineral) during the two seasons. The maximum values of number of leaflet were recorded in the palm fertilized with 100% N organic treatment.
9- Number of new leaves:
The data clearly showed that using N organic fertilization either alone or combined with biofertilization or mineral N fertilization increased the average number of new leaves comparing with 100% mineral fertilization (control) treatment.