الفهرس 
acknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Chapter one is a general review of conventional water treatment plant and gives
literature survey of monitoring, modeling and factors affecting on the formation of THMs.
Chapter two represents experimental part which is concerned with the materials,
sampling, quality control and analytical methods, in addition to predictive model of THMs
and software which were used in this study.
Chapter three is devoted to results and discussion.
A. Determination of the water quality of Khandaq El Sharqi before and after mixing
with Mahmoudia canal during the period of January 2012 to December 2012:
The physicochemical parameters determined in this study include temperature, pH,
electrical conductivity, turbidity, fluoride, chloride, bromide, sulfate, nitrate, nitrite,
ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and total hardness. All results were
expressed as average ± standard deviation which is summarized in the following:
· Chemical parameters were increase during autumn and winter seasons.
· The chemical parameters concentrations in Khandaq El Sharqi before mixing were
lower than after mixing with Mahmoudia canal.
· Correlation coefficients between parameters and ANOVA test (two-way) were
performed.
B. Determination of the water quality of Damanhour WTP:
· All results were expressed as average ± standard deviation.
· THMs compounds were found to have maximum average concentration levels in the
summer.
· Chloroform was the most abundant THMs species followed by BDCM and DBCM.
· The drinking water quality produced from Damanhour WTP was accepted within the
permissible limits recommended by Egyptian drinking water regulation.
C. Prediction model of THMs:
Using the advanced statistic programs (SPSS 15 and Minitab 14), linear model was
developed to calculate and predict TTHMs formations in Damanhour WTP. The model can
provide reasonable results for most of the functioned variables and can be used to have a
rapid assessment of TTHMs formation.
D. Factors affecting on THMs formations:
Factors affecting on THMs formation were studied during chlorination of raw water
from Khandaq El-Sharqi canal.
E. Kinetic data and activations parameters of the formation of THMs:
Rate of formation of THMs was assumed to be a pseudo first order reaction. The
trend of the rate of formation of THMs is in the order CFM > BDCM > DBCM.
Thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔH#, ΔS# and ΔG#) for the formation of
THMs were calculated.
1
Water is one of the most essential requirements of human beings, animal and plants.
Therefore, quality of water plays a vital role for their survival. Nature water always
contains chemicals and biological impurities i.e. suspended and dissolved inorganic and
organic compounds and microorganisms. These compounds may come from natural
sources and leaching of waste deposits. However, municipal and industrial wastes also
contribute to a wide spectrum of both organic and inorganic impurities. (1, 2)
Egypt is consistently reported as one of the most water-stressed countries. The
limited amounts of rainfall make the country dependent mainly on water from the Nile
River. The Nile water is of high quality till the river reaches Cairo. Deterioration in water
quality occurs when the Nile bifurcates into Damietta and Rosetta branches due to the
disposal of the municipal and industrial effluents and agricultural drainage with decreasing
flows. Therefore, optimizing the quantity and quality of Nile water is the main concern of
any strategic planning for better water resources management in Egypt. Nevertheless, the
majority of Egypt population is concentrated in the Nile Valley and Delta which caused
significant stress on the Nile River water. (3, 4)
El-Rahawy drain is one of the main drains, which outlet on Rosetta branch, and
receives considerable waste waters from greater Cairo area. There are two main sources of
pollutions, which potentially affect and deteriorate the water quality of El Rahawy drain:
first, the agriculture and the domestic wastes from villages distributed along the drain
discharging their wastes without purification directly into water courses, and secondly, the
wastewater treatment plants particularly Abu Rawash and Zenein significantly affect the
water quality in the river. (5)
1.1 Conventional drinking water treatment plant
The main objective of treating water intended for public water supplies is to produce
supply water that is chemically and bacteriological safe for human consumption, produce
water that is appealing to the consumer and produce water using facilities this can be
constructed and operated at a reasonable cost. (2, 6, 7)
Conventional drinking water treatment plant consists of pre-sedimentation,
coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration and disinfection units. Depending on
water quality influent, each unit can be optimized to achieve the desired water quality
effluent, both in design and operation stages. (8 - 10)
1.2 Disinfection
Disinfection is unquestionably the most important step in the treatment of water for
drinking water supplies. The risk of illness and death resulting from exposure to pathogens
in drinking water is very much greater than the risks from disinfectants and disinfection
by-products (DBPs). where local circumstances require that a choice be made between
microbiological limits or limits for disinfectants and DBPs, the microbiological quality
must always take precedence. (11)
The most widely used chemical disinfectants are chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide
and chloramine. The physical and chemical properties of disinfectants and DBPs can affect
their behaviour in drinking water, as well as their toxicology and epidemiology. The
chemical disinfectants discussed here are all water soluble oxidants, which are produced
either onsite (e.g., ozone) or offsite (e.g., chlorine). They are administered as a gas (e.g.,
2
ozone) or liquid (e.g., hypochlorite) at typical doses of several milligrams per liter.