الفهرس 
IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 158 |  |  |
| | | from | 158 | | |
Abstract
In Egypt, pest control is necessary or adequate for production of food to meet the increasing needs of our ever-growing population. Pesticides may be used effective and at the same time cause no visible injury to the plant on which they used.
Chemical composition was determined for olive and grape leaves.Leaves of both two plants were extracted with acetone,ethanol,hexane and water separatly. Also, free phenolic compounds were determined in the previous extracts for the two plants and the acetonic extract showed the highest amount of free phenolic compounds in the two plants. Reducing power was assessed for the previous extracts and the acetonic extract showed the highest value in both two plant leaves.GC/MS analysis of the acetonic extract for olive and grape leaves revealed that oleuropein,hydroxytyrosol and genistein were the major compounds in olive leaves while resveratrol and genistein were the major compounds in grape leaves.
This work was carried out to study:
1) Sub acute toxicity of profenofos on acetylcholinesterase activity,liver function, kidney function, lipid profile and oxidative stress markers in male rats.
2) Protective role of grape leaf extract against profenofos toxicity in male rats.
3) Protective role of olive leaf extract against profenofos toxicity in male rats.
4) Histopathological examination of liver and kidney of treated rats.
Therefore 96 adult male albino rats were used for the toxicological experiment as follow:
● 16 rats for determination the acute oral toxicity (LD50) of profenofos.
● 80 rats to study the protective role of plant leaves extract against profenofos toxicity and divided to 8 groups as follow: control,olive leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt ,grape leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt ,profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt,olive leaf extract 200 mg/kg b.wt + profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt, olive leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt + profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt, grape leaf extract 200 mg/kg b.wt + profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt and grape leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt + profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt.
The data obtained could be summarized as follow:
1- The acute oral toxicity of profenofos insecticide to male albino rats:
The acute oral toxicity (LD50) of profenofos to male albino rats was investigated. The median lethal dose (LD50) of tested compound to male albino rats was 502 mg/kg b.wt.
2- The protective effect of plant leaves extract against profenofos toxicity in male rats.
2.1. Effect of profenofos and plant extracts on oxidative stress parameters and AchE activity :
Inhibition in brain acetylcholinesterase (AchE) in profenofos was observed. Elevation in oxidative stress biomarker malondialdehyde (MDA) level was recorded in profenofos with reduction in total reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration and increase in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase (CAT) compared to control. Supplementation with grape leaves extract (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt) and olive leaf extract (400 mg/kg b.wt) along with profenofos attenuated the alterations in the levels of MDA,GSH and the activities of GPx,CAT and AchE.
2.2. Effect of profenofos and plant leaves extract on liver function :
Elevation in liver function biomarkers alanine aminotransferase (ALT),aspartate aminotransferase (AST),gamma glutamyl transferase
(GGT),alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities while albumin level was reduced in profenofos group compared to control. Supplementation with grape leaves extract (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt) and olive leaves extract (400 mg/kg b.wt) along with profenofos attenuates the alterations in ALT,AST,ALP,GGT activities and albumin level.
2.3. Effect of profenofos and plant leaves extract on kidney function :
Elevation in kidney function biomarkers urea and creatinine levels in profenofos group compared to control. Supplementation with grape leaves extract (200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt) and olive leaf extract (400 mg/kg b.wt) along with profenofos attenuates the alterations in urea and creatinine levels.
2.4. Effect of profenofos and plants extract on lipid profile :
The results revealed that there was no significant alteration in HDL-Cholestrol or LDL-Cholestrol in profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt group comparing with control but there was a significant decrease in total cholesterol, total lipids and triglycerides concentrations in comparison with control in profenofos 62.75 mg/kg b.wt group. Supplementation with grape leaves extract(200 and 400 mg/kg b.wt) and olive leaf extract (400 mg/kg b.wt) along with profenofos attenuates the alterations in total cholesterol, total lipids and triglycerides concentrations in comparison with control.
3.Histopathological examination of liver and kidney of treated rats
Histological examination of rats’ liver treated with olive leaf extract and profenofos revealed that rats treated with olive leaves extract 400 mg/kg b.wt showed vacuolar degeneration of some hepatocytes, rats treated with profenofos showed sinusoidal leukocytosis, rats treated with olive leaves extract 200 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed kupffer cells activation, while rats treated with olive 400 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed no histopathological changes in comparison with control.
Histological examination of rats’ kidney treated with olive leaf extract and profenofos revealed that rats treated with olive leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt showed congestion of glomerular tuft and vacuolations of renal tubuler epithelium, rats treated with profenofos showed atrophy of glomerular tuft and necrosis of renal tubules, rats treated with olive leaf extract 200 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed vacuolations of epithelial lining renal tubules, while rats treated with olive leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed no histopathological changes in comparison with control.
Histological examination of rats’ liver treated with grape leaf extract and profenofos showed that, grape leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt showed no histopathological changes, rats treated with profenofos showed sinusoidal leukocytosis, rats treated with grape leaf extract 200 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed no histopathological changes and rats treated with grape leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed no histopathological changes in comparison with control.
Histological examination of rats’ kidney treated with grape leaf extract and profenofos showed that, grape leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt showed slight congestion of glomerular tuft, rats treated with profenofos showed atrophy of glomerular tuft and necrosis of renal tubules, rats treated with grape leaf extract 200 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed congestion of glomerular tuft and renal blood vessel,and rats treated with grape leaf extract 400 mg/kg b.wt and profenofos showed no histopathological changesin comparison with control.