الفهرس 
Embryology of the Urinary SystemOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Our study was conducted on 100 children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. Their age ranged from 2 to 5 years. These cases were tested for renal functions by doing urine analysis, urine culture, blood urea and serum creatinine. We also calculated GFR using Shwartez formula. These cases were divided into 5 groups:
• Group 1 (cases of primary vesico ureteric reflux):
38 cases were diagnosed as primary VUR, their mean age was 37.11±9.71, mean urea was 45.79±14.2, mean creatinine was 1.27±1.01and the mean GFR was 53.29±19.There was male predominance and regarding laterality it was bilateral in 23.7% and unilateral in 66.7% more commonly on the right side.The most common presenting symptom was recurrent UTI followed by accidental discovery, renal failure, then abdominal mass and hematuria. The most common organism in urine culture was E. coli Sibilings of cases of VUR were affected in 25% and 5% of cases were in end stage renal disease
• Group 2 (cases of PUJO):
33 cases were diagnosed as having PUJO. Their main age was 37.45±9.34, mean urea was 45.09±11.5, mean creatinine was 0.98±0.28 and mean GFR was 56.45±16.1. There was male predominance. According to laterality it was bilateral in 21.1% and unilateral in 78.2% more commonly on the left side. 6 cases (18%) were associated with MCDK and 5 cases (15%) were associated with VUR. The most common presenting symptom was recurrent UTI followed by lion pain and both hematuria and abdominal mass.the most common organism in urine culture was E.coli. Renal failure was found in 6 cases (18%)
• Group 3 (cases of PUV):
19 cases of PUV were diagnosed. Their mean age was 32.0±5.74, mean urea was 65.53±8.5, mean creatinine was 2.96±0.81and mean GFR was 21.68±6.1. 12 cases (63%) were in renal failure), 1 case (5%) was in ESRD and the rest of cases had some degree of renal impairment. 25% of cases were associated with VUR.
• Group 4 (cases of uretrocele):
4 cases of uretrocele were diagnosed. Their mean age was 34.25±9.95, mean urea 45.34±12.4, mean creatinine 1.73±0.602 and mean GFR was 48.25±15.8. Their sex distribution showed female predominance. The most common presenting symptom was recurrent UTI.2 cases (50%) were associated with double ureter.the most common organism in urine culture was E.coli
• Group 5 (cases of horseshoe):
Six cases of horse shoe kidney were diagnosed. Their sex distribution showed male predominance. The mean age was 40.33±10.7, mean creatinine was1.43±0.82, mean urea was 48.83±12.5 and mean GFR was 54.83±22.5. The main presenting symptom was recurrent UTI then abdominal mass and renal failure .2 cases (33%) were associated with VUR. The most common organism in urine culture was E.coli