الفهرس 
Introduction
Normal macroscopic and microscopic anatomy of the TMJOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Several diverse methods have long been used to reconstruct congenital or acquired bone defects or deficiencies. The representative methods are bone grafting using autologous or heterologous bone, the insertion of bone substitute materials, and flap surgery. Potential problems that are associated with these procedures are the resorption of the grafted bone, infection, new defects in the donor site, or an insufficiency or rapid changes in the surrounding soft tissues. DO compensate for such disadvantages because additional surgery of the donor site is not required, and distraction is achieved simultaneously with the development of adjacent tissues. In addition, the problems associated with rapid changes in the adjacent tissues, the deficiency of soft tissue, and limitations concerning the length of the graft area are ameliorated. Although a number of studies have reported the effect of mandibular distraction on the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), the changes in the TMJ, especially their correlation with the histological and morphological changes have not yet been elucidated.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the histological and morphological changes in the TMJ after mandibular lengthening by distraction osteogenesis
This study included two sections:
i. Experiment section: 9 goats subjected to histologic analysis of the TMJs of the operated side after unilateral mandibular distraction osteogenesis and compered by 5 normal controlled TMJs
ii. Clinical section: 5 patients subjected to pre- and post-distraction MRI to evaluate the effect of DO on TMJ
The result of this study revealed that; Experiment section: comparing the histological changing in TMJ there was increasing in the fibrous and cartilaginous layers of TMJ. But these changes were adaptive not pathologic.
The Clinical section: comparing pre- and post-distraction MRI evaluated that there was no morphological effect of DO on TMJbut there was improvement of cases ADDWR.