الفهرس 
AntibioticsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2008, more than of 80% of the world’s population relies on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. With the associated side effects of the modern medicine, traditional medicines are gaining importance and are now being studied to find the scientific basis of their therapeutic action. Plant essential oils and their components have been known to exhibit biological activities, especially antimicrobial science ancient time. With the growing interest of the use of either essential oils or plant extracts in the food and pharmaceutical industries, screening of plant extracts for these properties has become of increasing importance (Gupta and Briyal, 2004 and Pierangeli et al., 2009 ).
It is well known that infectious diseases account for high proportion of health problem, especially in the developing countries. Microorganisms have developed resistance to many antibiotics, and this has created immense clinical problem in the treatment of infectious diseases. There is no doubt that diseases and deterioration of environmental conditions often occur and result in serious economic losses (Bondad-Reantaso et al., 2005).
Now, scientists have to look for methods which are ecologically friendly, safe and specific for controlling pathogens. Nature has continuously provided mankind with novel pharmaceuticals (Proksch et al., 2003).
The resistance to antibiotic has increased due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs commonly used in the treatment of infectious diseases. This situation forced scientists to search for new antimicrobial substances from various sources, such as medicinal plants (Karaman et al., 2003).
Antimicrobials of plant origin are efficient in the treatment of infectious diseases mitigating simultaneously many of the side effects that are often associated with synthetic antimicrobials (Iwu et al., 1999).
The antimicrobial activities of plant oils and extracts have formed the basis of many applications, including raw and processed food preservation, pharmaceuticals, alternative medicine and natural therapies (Lis-Balchin et al., 1997 and Nostro et al., 2000).
This study shed the light on the antimicrobial ability of extract from medicinal plants, which can be used as natural antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical. The plant materials were collected from Borg Elarab, Alexandria, Egypt and non volatile extract was prepared and phytochemical analysis was made by (HPLC-MS) and then we tested antibacterial susceptibility and antibacterial activity against negative bacteria, Escherichia coli 1357, gram positive bacteria, B. Cereus 1080, The filamentous fungi (Fusarium oxysporum , Aspergillus flavus ) and Candida albicans. E. Coli was the most susceptible to the extract of Achillea santolina among tested microorganisms. The extract of Achillea santolina has been shown to possess the strongest antimicrobial activity against E. Coli and Fusarium oxysporum followed by candida albicans and finally bacillus cereus but it did not show any activity against Aspergillus flavus.
The analysis proved that the flavonoids were the major components of the non volatile oil extract such as quercetin, Luteolin and chrysin, 5,4 dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy Flavone, Luteolin, chrysin, 5,7,2-tri hydroxyl-8-methoxy flavones, Quercitrin, patuletin-7-o-glucoside (patulitrin), which are widely distributed in plants which was reported to have many biological activities including antibacterial, antioxidant, anti- inflamatory, anti allergic, anti cancer, anti estrogenic activities. and these Flavanoids are the reason of the antimicrobial activity of the plant due to the antimicrobial activity of flavonoids these compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents.
from the results this plant extract Achillea santolina from Egypt could be useful in controling the development of tested bacteria and fungi except Aspergillus flavus in different food and feed. So this study shed the light on the antimicrobial ability of extract from medicinal plants, which can be used as natural antimicrobial agents in pharmaceutical and food preservation systems.