الفهرس 
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Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the face musculature of the one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius) and its nerve supply. Sixteen head specimens from adult and symptomatically healthy camels of both sexes were used. The muscles of the face region were carefully dissected and illustrated to demonstrate their origin, insertion, measurements and relations. The nerves in this area were also dissected to show their branches and distribution.
The dissection of face region revealed that their muscles were arranged into; cutaneus muscle of the face (M. cutaneus faciei), muscles of nostrils and lips (Mm. dilator naris apicalis, dilator naris medialis, levator nasolabialis, levator labii superioris, dilator naris lateralis, depressor labii superioris, orbicularis oris, mentalis, incisivus superioris and incisivus inferioris), muscles of cheek (Mm. masseter and temporalis), extraorbital muscles of the eyelid (Mm. orbicularis oculi, malaris, depressor palpebrae inferioris and frontalis) and auricular muscles (Mm. auriculares rostrales, dorsalis and ventralis).
Moreover, the muscles of the nostrils and lips could be arranged into three layers; superficial layer (M. dilator naris apicalis, M. dilator naris medialis and M. levator nasolabialis), middle layer was formed of maxillo-labial group of muscles (M. levator labii superioris, M. dilator naris lateralis and M. depressor labii superioris) and deep layer (M. lateralis nasi). In addition to that, the lips had M. orbicularis oris, M. incisivus superioris, M. incisivus inferioris and M. mentalis. This muscular arrangement acts as a sphincter which enables the nostril of the camel to be closed during sand storm.
The M. masseter is the most important mandibular muscle and it consisted of seven layers; first superficial, second superficial, intermediate, deep, maxillo-mandibularis and zygomatico-mandibularis.
The auricular muscles which appeared in the face region were; the rostral auricular muscles (Mm. scutuloauriculares superficiales, M. scutuloauricularis profundus, M. frontoscutularis, M. zygomaticoscutularis and M. zygomaticoauricularis), dorsal auricular muscle (M. interscutularis) and ventral auricular muscle (M. parotidoauricularis).
The innervation of the face region of the one-humped camel came from some branches of the seventh cranial nerve; facial nerve (N. facialis, VII) and the fifth one; trigeminal nerve (N. trigeminus, V).
The facial nerve divided undercover the parotid gland into dorsal and ventral buccal nerves. The dorsal buccal division of facial nerve gave off; parotid branches, auriculopalpebral nerve, muscular branches and communicating branches and terminated in the upper lip with the infraorbital nerve. The ventral buccal nerve gave off parotid branches, muscular branches and terminated in the lower lip and chin with the branches of the Nn. mentales.
The trigeminal nerve gave off many branches to supply the face region, these branches were emanated from the ophthalmic nerve (external nerve of the ethmoidal nerve), the maxillary nerve (zygomatic and infraorbital nerves) and the mandibular nerve (auriculotemporal, masseteric, buccal and mental nerves).