الفهرس 
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Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the changes in biochemical and hematological parameters as well as histopathological pictures of bacterial infection, renal disturbance, hepatitis and hepatic fibrosis induced experimently in male rats (Staphylococcus aureus ,gentamicin and isoniazid-rifampicin and thioacetamide respectively.
In this study, 100 adult male Wistar rats (100-120 gm) were used. Rats were divided into eight groups, 4 groups were used as controls and others 4 groups were used as treated as follows:
A- Group 1: control group for Staphylococcus (CS): consists of 12 male rats served as a control of Staphylococcus-infected group and were injected subcutaneously with 1 ml of sterile saline once.
B- Group 2: Staphylococcus-infected group (S. aureus): consists of 20 male rats and were injected subcutaneously with 1 ml of S. aureus (0.25x104 CUF) /ml once.
B- Group 3: control group for nephrotoxicity (CN): consists of 9 male rats, which were injected subcutaneously with 1 ml of sterile saline daily for three days.
C- Group 4: nephrotoxicity- treated group (Neph): consists of 15 male rats, which were injected subcutaneously with 100 mg/kg, B.Wt. /day of gentamicin for three days.
D- Group 5: control group for hepatitis (CH): consists of 9 male rats and were given 1 ml of sterile saline per day orally for 10 days.
E- Group 6: hepatitis-treated group (Hepa): consists of 15 male rats and were given 50 mg/kg, B.Wt. /day orally of INZ daily for 10 days.
F- Group 7: control group for liver cirrhosis (CC): consists of 10 male and rats and were injected 1ml of sterile saline intraperitoneally three times per week for 7 weeks.
G- Group 8: liver cirrhosis- treated group (Liver cirrh): consists of 10 male rats, which were injected 200 mg/5 ml saline /kg, B.Wt. of thioacetamide intraperitoneally three times per week for 7 weeks.
The chemical agents were administrated for one day in Staphylococcus aureusgroups , three days in gentamicin group, ten days in isoniazid and rifampacin group and 7 weeks in thioacetamide group. Collection of blood samples and tissue specimens from three rats from each control group and five rats from each treated group was performed at 2, 5, 10 and 20 days after first injection(Staphylococcus areus infectedgroup), at 4, 8 and 12 days after last injection(gentamicin treated group), at 11, 18 and 25 days after last injection(isoniazid and rifampacin treated group) and at the end of 5th and 7th weeks of injection (thioacetamide treated group).
Samples include whole blood for hematological examination and serum for biochemical examination. Also, tissue specimens for histological examination were collected.
• The haematological examination include haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, packed cell volume (PCV %), RBCs count and red blood indices [mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC)], biochemical parameters included total proteins, electrophoretic pattern of serum proteins, activities of AST and ALT, ALP, GGT, albumin, globulin, A/G ratio, ammonia, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, urea, creatinine, cholesterol and triglycerides. Specimens from liver, spleen and kidney were collected from CSD2, 5, 10 and20 and Staph D 2, 5, 10 and 20 while specimens from kidney were collected from CN D4, 8 and12 and Neph D4, 8 and 12 and Specimens from liver and kidney were collected from CH D11, 18 and 25 and Hepa D11, 18 and 25 while specimen from liver was collected CC W5 and 7 and Cirrh W5 and7 for staining by haematoxylin and eosin.
The following results were observed:
Staphylococcus aureus - infected group:
The obtained results showed that there were significant increases in total WBCs and granulocytes counts in S. aureus - infected rats at 2, 5, 10 and 20 days after infection when compared with their control groups. Also, there were significance increases in lymphocytes counts at 2, 5, 10 days after infection when compared with their control groups. In addition, there were significant increases in serum ALT and GGT levels on day 5 post-infection. Also, there were significant increases in serum urea in S. aureus -infected group on days 2, 10 and 20 post-infection and there were significant increases in serum creatinine in S. aureus -infected group on days 2, 5, 10 and 20 post-infection. Concerning to the results of albumin, there was a significant decrease in day 5, 10 and 20 after bacterial infection. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in globulin in day 5, 10 and 20 post-infection. Moreover, A/G ratio showed a significant reduction in day 5, 10 and 20 post-infection. Conversely, there were significance increases in concentrations of serum α1 globulin in S. aureus group in days 20 post-infection. Moreover, there were significance increases in concentrations of serum α2 globulin in S. aureus group in days 2, 5, 10 and 20 post-infection and there were significance increases in concentrations of serum γ globulin at 5, 10, 20 days after infection when compared with their corresponding controls.
Nephrotoxicity-treated group:
There was a significant increase in granulocytes count at 4 days after gentamicin injection. Meanwhile, there was a significant decrease in lymphocytes count at 4 days after gentamicin injection. Also,significant increases were recorded in AST, ALT, total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, serum urea and creatinine at 4, 8 and 12 days after gentamicin injection. Also, there were significance increases in indirect bilirubin at 4 and 8 days of gentamicin injection when compared with corresponding control group. On other hand, a significant decrease in total protein, albumin and A/G ratio were found at 4, 8 and 12 days after gentamicin injection and α2 globulin showed significant increases at 4 days after gentamicin injection .
Concerning to the results of cholesterol and triglycerides, there were significant increases at 4 and 8 days after gentamicin injection.
Hepatitis-treated group:
Concerning the results of ALT, AST, ALP and GGT levels, there were significant increases at 11, 18 and 25 days after isoniazid injection. In addition, there were a significant increases total bilirubin, direct bilirubin and indirect bilirubin at 11, 18 and 25 days after isoniazid injection. On the other hand, significant increase was seen in cholesterol and triglycerides levels in isoniazid-injected groups after 11, 18 and 25 days.
Liver cirrhosis-treated group:
There were significant increases of WBCs, lymphocytes, monocytes, granulocytes and platelets counts at 5 and 7 weeks after thioacetamide injection. Thioacetamide injection also significantly increased total bilirubin and direct bilirubin in both times of serum collection.
Serum ammonia concentration also follows liver enzymes and bilirubin alterations and showed significant increased values after 5 and 7 weeks of thioacetamide injection. Serum urea and creatinine were increased significantly at 5 and 7 weeks after thioacetamide injection. Meanwhile, there were significant decreases in total proteins, albumin and globulin at 5 and 7 weeks after thioacetamide injection. There was a significant increase in A/G ratioat 7 week after thioacetamide injection. Also, there were significant increases in cholesterol and triglycerides in thioacetamide groups at 5th and 7th weeks. There were significant decreases in concentration of albumin, α1globulin, α2globulin, β globulin at 5th and 7th weeks after thioacetamide injection.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the results of present study confirmed that liver damage induced by both either bacterial infection(Staphylocuccus aureus) or chemical(isoniazid-rifampicin, gentamicin and thioacetamide) treatment could be reflected by significant decrease in total protein in kidney damage and hepatic cirrhosis, significant decrease in albumin in S. aureus, kidney damage and cirrhosis, A/G ration significant decrease in S. aureus and kidney damage , significant decrease in α1, α2 and β globulin which might have a diagnostic value.