الفهرس 
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Abstract
A central problem of nuclear physics is to understand the nature of the isolated nucleon nucleon interaction and to explain the properties of complex nuclei in terms of there nuclear forces the nucleon nucleon interaction is quite likely very complicated simply because the composite object called the nucleon is itself so complex in addition when many nucleons colosely interact further comlications arise it is then perhaps somewhat surprising that for low energy nuclear phenomena say below the pion threshold rather simple effective interactions and models account for many of the main features observed.