الفهرس 
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Abstract
This thesis consists of three chapters: introduction, discussion and experimental. In the first chapter the different types of CC-bond formation are discussed in the light of their importance in the synthesis of T-butyrolactones. The addition of carbonyl compounds to activated CC-bonds is discussed through the benzoin condensation, including the different types of aldehydes and the mechanisms postulated. The enamine Michael addition of carbanions generated from carbonyl compounds to activated double bonds is also mentioned. Also, the addition of carbonyl compounds with umpolung of the carbonyl reactivity to ial~dl) activated double bonds is reviewed in some detail. Finally, the different reductive coupling ~ethods of carbonyl compounds are surveyed.