الفهرس 
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Abstract
Enzymes are essential compounds for almost all the biological processes. They are needed in variable amounts and the deficiency for one of them may result in a distinct metabolic disturbance.
Commercially lipase enzyme is produced by chemical synthesis and by microbial fermentation. Despite the high yield produced by the fermentation process and its low cost there is still competition between it and the chemical synthesis. Carbohydrates are generally used as substrates in microbial fermentations for lipase production. However, the utilization of wastes as substrates for lipase production has required an inten- sive search for proper microbial strains capable of supplying large amounts of lipase from oil rich seed litters and other agroindustrial wastes.
Lipases are produced throughout the world by liquid surface or submerged fermentation. The presence of the product in low concentration and the consequent handling, reduction and disposal of large volume of water during down-stream processing in Submerged Fer- mentation (SmF) are known as cost intensive, highly problematic and poorly understood unit operations. Solid.