الفهرس 
Anatomy of the knee jointOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Simultaneous total knee arthroplasty and management of extraarticular deformities and fractures is difficult and challenging issue.
Extra articular deformities defined as any deformity which extend beyond the caapsuloligamentous envelope of the knee joint.
Extra articular deformity can occur secondary to varied causes such as:
Posttraumatic degenerative disease.
Fracture malunion.
Iatrogenic causes, such as overcorrection or undercorrection of previous high tibial or distal femoral osteotomies.
Metabolic diseases such as osteomalacia, or rickets, and Paget disease.
Stress fractures
Stress fractures can be considered as one of the commenst causes of tibial extra articular deformities.
Stress fractures are observed in elderly patients, where normal stresses that are placed on abnormal bone result in fracture, it arises when repeated, cyclical, low magnitude forces exerting upon a weakened bone over a considerable period of time
This study looks at the reciprocal relationship between knee arthroplasty & a nearby tibial or femoral fracture or osteotomy. Simultaneous arthroplasty & fracture fixation or deformity correction is an attractive treatment strategy for these complex problems.