الفهرس 
Definition of IntelligenceOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Intelligence and cognition are synonems, they are defined as the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with his environment. It is global because it characterizes the individual’s behavior as a whole; it is an aggregate because it is composed of elements or abilities which, though not entirely independent, are qualitatively differentiable (Ardila, 1999).
The visuo-perceptual-spatial, language, attention, Abstract thinking and executive functions domains, the declarative learning and memory domains and somato-sensory and motor domains are the cognitive domains that are usually assessed when psychometric tests are administered (Strauss, et al., 2006).
Over the course of the last century, the conceptualization of intelligence has evolved; as attention to new aspects, processes and mechanisms, as well as a deeper understanding of related issues. Theories have evolved from conceptualizing intelligence as a single underlying factor to multiple factor theories , to hierarchical models which describe specific abilities arranged according to increasing specificity and developmental complexity (Muncy, 2006).
Theories have also evolved from strictly biological approaches to highly complex information processing approaches. Despite the notion of several competing theories, most definitions of intelligence imply, include or elaborate on the following five areas: Abstract thinking, learning from experience, solving problems through insight, adapting to new situations and information together with focusing and sustaining abilities to achieve a desired goal (Groth-Marnat, 1999).
Alfred Binet is generally acknowledged as the father of intelligence tests, as he developed the first working measure of intelligence. His intelligence scale serves as the basis for modern intelligence test (Joy, 2001).
There are many intelligence tests available nowadays, and their applications have been associated with some of the best and the worst human behaviors. On one hand, intelligence assessment can provide a meaningful basis for understanding the strengths and weaknesses of misunderstood children, adolescents, or adults, thereby providing data that can be used to design and implement interventions to help people reach their potentials more effectively. On the other hand, intelligence assessment can be used to segregate and label people, treating their future as a fixed outcome, and unchangeable fate (John, 2012).