الفهرس 
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Abstract
Hyperuricemia is a metabolic disorder marked by an excess of uric acid in the
blood, which is the product of a disorder in purine metabolism. Hyperuricemia is
a level of uric acid in the blood that is abnormally high. In humans, the upper end
of the normal range is 360 μmol/L(6 mg/dL) for women and 400 μmol/L
(6.8 mg/dL) for men.
The present study was designated to examine the effect of feeding leaves and
seeds powder at two levels (5 and 10%), their soakeds and papaya pulp juice on
hyperuricemic experimental animals.
Male Albino rats (n = 54 ) of Sprague Dawley strain weighing (150 ± 10gm)
were housed in well aerated individual wire cages under hygienic laboratory
(Ophthalmology Institute in Giza) conditions and fed on basal diet for one week for
adaptation . Also, water was provided ad libitum.
Basal Diet:
Basal diet (casein – basal diet) was composed of 37g casein (16% protein), 10g
corn oil (10% fat), 5g cellulose (5% fiber),4g mineral mixture (4%), 1g vitamin
mixture (1%) and corn starch up to 100g the following composition made up to
100g with corn starch.
Experimental design:
After a week, rats were divided into two main groups as follows:-
• First main group negative control (-ve) group (6 rats) was fed on basal diet
during the period.
• Second main groups (48 rats) were orally administrated by ethanol (2g /kg of
body weight every 24 hours) for six days to induce hyperuricemia. Serum uric acid
was determined in the 10% from all animals to insure the induction of
hyperuriceamia. Second group was divided into eight experimental subgroups
(6 rats) for each fed on experimental diets.
Biological Parameters:
Food intake (FI), body weight gain (BWG), feed efficiency ratio (FER) and
organs weight as a percent of total body weight were determined
Biochemical analysis:-
Blood samples were collected from arteries of the eye. Each sample was placed in
a dry clean centrifuge tube, then centrifuged (Laboratory Centrifuge, Model 800,
Made in CHINA) for 10 minutes at 3000 min to separate the serum. Serum was
carefully separated into dry clean Ebendorf tubes by using Pasteur pipette and kept
frozen till analysis.
Determination biochemical examinations on blood
Serum uric acid, urea nitrogen, createnine, total protein, albumin, AST, ALT ,total
cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL-c, LDL-c, GST, and nitric oxide were determined in
serum. While, A/G ratio, globulin, AI and VLDL-c were calculation.
The obtained data could be summarized as follows:
1- Chemical Composition of papaya seeds, leaves and Papaya Pulp:
Chemical composition of seeds, leaves and juice of Carica papaya showed that,
seeds were higher content of protein, fat and fiber with values of 27.80, 26.15 and
27.74 g/100g. While, leaves were the highest in ash content by 16.47 g/100g.
Moreover, juice was the highest content in moisture 89.44 and lowest in fiber 4.54
g/100g.
2- Food intake, body weight gain and fed efficiency ratio:
Results recorded that body weight gain (BWG) were significant decreased
(p≤0.05) in (+ve) control as compared with (-ve). On the other hand,
experimental animals fed on diet with leaves powder at level 5%, aqueous
seeds soaked at level 5% and leaves powder at level 10% showed significant
decreased (p≤0.05) as compared with (-ve) group.. Moreover, there were nonsignificant
differences (P≥0.05) between (+ve) and treated group with seeds
powder at level 10%, also, between seeds powder at level 5% and papaya pulp
juice.
Concerning fed intake (FI) from the result we could be observed that there
were decreased significant differences (p≤0.05) between papaya pulp juice and
negative control group, positive control group, aqueous leaves soaked at level
5% leaves powder at level 10%, seeds powder at level 10%.On the other hand,
there were no significant difference (p≥0.05) between negative and positive
control, aqueous leaves soaked at level 5%, leaves powder at level 10%, seeds
powder at level 5 and 10%.
Concerning of feed efficiency ratio (FER) result in the same table (4)
illustrated that (-ve) control was the highest value , while, leaves powder at
level 10%, was the lowest value 1.00±0.08 vs. 0.68±0.17. Moreover,
experimental animals administrated orally with aqueous seeds, leaves soaked
at level 5% , and groups fed on with seeds powder at level 5% and leaves
powder at two level (5and 10%) showed significant decreased (p≤0.05) when
compared with (+ve). Besides that, experimental animals administrated orally
with papaya pulp juice and fed on with seeds powder at level 10% showed
non- significant decreased (p≥0.05) when compared with (+ve).
3- Relative Weight of Organs:
Relative weight of kidney showed there were non-significant differences
(P≥0.05) between all groups under study. Besides that, negative control (-ve),
aqueous leaves soaked at level 5% and papaya pulp juice were the lowest
values significantly (P≤0.05) than other groups.
Concerning the relative weight of liver results showed that, leaves powder at
level 5% was the higher significantly (P≤0.05) than other all groups. While,
(+ve) and aqueous leaves soaked at level 5% were the lowest value (2.24±1.71
and 2.53±1.3g). On the other hand, there were no significant differences
(P≥0.05) between leaves, seeds (powder at two level 5 and 10%) and papaya
pulp juice.
Kidney Functions:
All treated groups showed significant decreased in serum urea (P≤0.05) when
compared with (+ve) control group. The higher value for serum urea level was
observed in seeds powder group at level 10% 29.25±7.32 mg/dl followed by aqueous
seeds soaked (5%), papaya pulp juice 32.79±5.43 and 33.99±8.82 mg/dl,
respectively. from data in the same table, we could observed that the mean value of
serum creatinine was significant increase in (+ve) control group as compared to (-ve)
control group 1.03±0.25 vs.0.73±0.08 mg/dl. All treated groups showed nonsignificant
decreases (P≥0.05) when compared to positive control, except of
experimental animal administrated orally papaya pulp juice which showed significant
decreased 0.73±0.24 mg/dl and had higher value of serum creatinine which was
closed with normal group 0.73±0.27 and 0.73±0.08mg/dl, respectively.
On the other hand, the mean values of serum uric acid which showed significant
increased (P≤0.05) between +ve and -ve control groups. Substitutions diet with
papaya pulp juice, seeds powder at level 10% and aqueous seeds soaked showed
significant decreases (P≤0.05) when compared to positive control.
Moreover, there were no significant differences (p≥0.05) between leaves
powder at level 10%, seeds powder at level 5%, leaves powder at level 5% and
aqueous leaves soaked when compared with positive control. The values of M± SD
were 2.90±0.59, 2.88±0.40, 2.86±0.69, 2.44±0.67 vs. 3.14±0.87 mg/dl,
respectively.
Liver function:
Concerning of serum ALT results showed that there was significant different
increased for (+ve) control when compared with (-ve) control groups 195.99±12.86
vs. 96.62±10.07U/L). All treated groups showed significant decreased (P≤0.05)
expect of seeds powder at level 5% when compared with positive control group.
Also, the mean values of serum AST showed significant increase in (+ve) control
when compared with (-ve) control group with value 250.86±12.08 vs. 130.49±8.00
U/L). Diet substitution with seeds powder at level 5%, aqueous leaves soaked,
seeds powder at level 10%, papaya pulp juice, leaves powder at level 10% and
aqueous seeds soaked showed significant decreased (P≤0.05) when compared with
(+ve) control. Besides that, experimental animals’ administrated aqueous seeds
soaked at level 5% were the lowest value of serum AST than other all groups under
study (185.66±11.87U/l).
Protein fractions:
Our results found that there were significant differences(p≤0.05) between
positive control, papaya pulp juice, leaves powder at two level (5 and 10%) and
aqueous seeds soaked at level 5%, seeds powder 10% and control negative groups.
While, aqueous leaves soaked at level 5% and seeds powder at level 5% groups
were the lowest values of serum total protein. Concerning serum albumin data
showed that there were no significant differences (p≥0.05) between aqueous seed
soaked 5%, seeds powder (5% and 10%), and papaya pulp juice. Also, there were
no significant differences (p≥0.05) between positive control, leaves powder at level
10%, negative control and aqueous leaves soaked at level 5% groups. Moreover,
leaves powder at level 5% was the lowest value 3.10±0.62 mg/dl for serum
albumin while papaya pulp juice was the highest by 3.56±0.16 mg/dl.
Also, serum globulin showed significant differences (p≤0.05) between (+ve)
control, leaves powder at two level (5% and 10%) and papaya pulp juice and (-ve)
control group aqueous leaves soaked at level 5% , aqueous seeds soaked at level
5% and seeds powder at two level (5 and 10%).
Serum lipids profile:
Concerning of serum total cholesterol the results showed there was significant
difference (P≤0.05) increases between +ve and –ve control groups 150.04±14.86
vs. 119.35±17.00 mg/dl). Besides that, experimental animals administrated papaya
pulp juice was the lowest value of serum total cholesterol than other all groups
(106.93±14.07 mg/dl). On the other hand, there were decreased significant
differences (P≤0.05) between seeds and leaves powder at levels 10%, aqueous
leaves soaked at level 5% and seeds powder at level 5% when compared with
positive control groups.
Moreover, there were no significant differences (p≥0.05) between leaves
powder (5%) and aqueous seeds soaked (5%) when compared with +ve control
groups.
Serum triglycerides was significant increase (P≤0.05) in (+ve) control when
compared with control (-ve) groups 145.67±9.46 vs. 90.23±14.68 mg/dL. Also,
serum triglycerides showed significant decreased (P≤0.05) in seeds and leaves
powder at level 5%, papaya pulp juice, aqueous leaves soaked 5% , leaves powder
at level 10% and seeds powder at level 10% when compared with control (+ve)
groups. These results revealed that levels of serum HDL-c were significant
decreased in (+ve) control when compared with (-ve) control groups 28.75±2.8 vs.
36.52±3.8 mg/dl).All treated groups except of the group fed on seeds powder at
level 10% was significant increase (p≤0.05) when compared with (+ve) control
group. On the other hand, experimental animals administrated orally aqueous seeds
soaked at level 5% showed non-significant difference (p≥0.05) when compared to
positive control group 145.8±15.12 vs. 145.67±9.46mg/dl.
The lowest value of serum triglycerides was observed with seeds powder 10%
followed by leaves powder at level 10% and aqueous leaves soaked 5% with
values 93.79±14.18 , 104.49±9.51 and 107.72±17.02 mg/dl, respectively.
Our results revealed that levels of serum HDL-c were significant decreased in
(+ve) control when compared with (-ve) control groups 28.75±2.8 vs. 36.52±3.8
mg/dl. All treated groups except of the group fed on seeds powder at level10% was
significant increase (p≤0.05) when compared with (+ve) control group. Also, we
could be observed that there were no significant differences (p≥0.05) between all
groups under study except of leaves powder at level 10% showed significant
decrease (p≤0.05) compared with positive control 62.57±19.97 vs. 89.91±19.20
mg/dl.
Concerning to VLDL-c results showed significant increase in (+ve) control
when compared with (-ve) control group 29.75±3.03 and 18.05±2.94 mg/dl.
Experimental animal administrated orally with leaves aqueous soaked at level 5%
and fed on leaves and powder at level 10% showed significant decreased (p≤0.05)
when compared with positive control. But replacement diet with aqueous seeds
soaked at level 5%, seeds powder at level 5%, leaves powder at level 5% and
papaya pulp juice showed non-significant decrease (p≥0.05) compared with
positive control.
Glutathione s- transferase (GST) and nitric oxide.
Effect of substitution diets with seeds, leaves (powder and aqueous soaked) and
papaya pulp juice on glutathione s –transferase and nitric oxide in hyperuricemic
of experimental animals. The mean value of (GST) in (+ve) control group showed
significant decrease when compared with (-ve) control group as follow 19.60±1.87
vs. 26.09±1.6 mg/ml. All treated groups except of the group administrated aqueous
leaves soaked at level 5% were increased significantly (p≤0.05) when compared
with +ve control group. On the other hand there were no significant difference
between leaves powder at level 10%, aqueous seeds soaked at level 5%, seeds
powder at two level (5and 10%) and negative control groups.
Represented the mean value of nitric oxide, positive control showed significant
increase (p≤0.05) compared to (-ve) control groups 111.52±1.7 vs.
78.03±2.2mmol/l. All groups under study showed significant decreased (P≤0.05) in
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nitric oxide when compared with positive control groups. The highest results were
observed in groups fed on replacement diet with seeds powder 5% which closely
with normal group followed by papaya pulp juice.