الفهرس 
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Abstract
The human foot is a highly complex structure. It has two major functions to support the body in standing and progression to lever it forwards in walking, running and jumping.
The human foot, is normally arched, its medial border arches up between the heel and the ball of big toe forming a visible and obvious medial longitudinal arch. The bones that form the Medial longitudinal arch consist of calcaneus, talus, and navicular, the three cuneiform and the inner three metatarsal bones. The pillars of arch are the tuberosity of calcaneus posteriorly and the heads of the medial three metatarsal bones anteriorly. Bony factor do not play a significant role in maintaining the stability of this arch. Ligaments are important, but are unable to maintain the arch on their own. The most important structure is the plantar aponeurosis. Deltoid, plantar and talocalcaneal interosseous ligament together with the capsule of the talonavicular and naviculocuneiform joints play important role in maintaining the medial longitudinal arch. The posterior tibial muscle, flexor digitorumlongus, flexor hallucislongus and intrinsic muscles of the foot also help in supporting the arch.
Loss of the medial longitudinal arch of foot results in pesplanovalgus. The term is used to describe a mixture of anatomical variations and pathological conditions. In adolescents the most common disorder seen in rigid flat foot include tarsal coalition, accessory navicular bone, peroneal spastic flat foot without coalition and iatrogenic or posttraumatic flat foot.
Tarsal coalition is a relatively common form of rigid pespla.