الفهرس 
Cover Page Title in EnglishOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Diarrhoea is one of the main problems that face calf breeding projects in Egypt leading to high economic losses. The antimicrobial resistant poses a threat to human and animal health due to the antibiotic resistant bacteria carried by animals can enter human food chain through the consumption of meat or other animal products , through farm runoff water , and by other pathways, on the other hand food animals and food of animal origin are traded worldwide . Thus ,the occurance of antimicrobial resistance in one country is a serious problem for all countries .Consequently ,antibiotic resistance genes ,if transferred to human microflora ,may reduce efficacy of treatment for infectious diseases. In this study the prevelance and the causative agent associated with antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from newborn calves was the aim .Consequently , in this study , Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from 150 faecal swabs recovered from 150 non treated diarrhoeic calves (up to 2 months old ) , raised in farms in El-Bahera governorate for the presence of many antimicrobial resistance genes. The bacteriological examination revealed that a total of 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were recovered from 150 faecal swabs . 10 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were characterized by the blue –green characteristic colour on nutrient agar media this blue –green pigment is due to combination of two metabolites of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyocyanin ( blue ) and pyoverdine ( green ) as described by Brown ( 1993 ) and Botzenhardt and Doring(1993 ) . also the 10 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were give circular mucoid smooth colonies with emits sweat grape odor in nutrient agar as described by Hossain et al .,( 2013 ), were give β hemolysis on blood agar as reported by Hossain et al ., ( 2013 ),also grew on MacConkey agar ,but did not ferment lactose sugar as reported by Haleem et al., ( 2011) . Microscopically , 10 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were Gram-negative , medium rod shaped ,asporogenous ,non capsulated ,non sporulated and motile on semi solid media as described by Lederberg et al., (2000).Biochemical tests of 10 isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were give Oxidae positive , Catalase positive , Citrate positive as reported by Balcht and Smith (1994), Indol negative , Methyle red negative . In vitro sensitivity of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates to various antimicrobial agents revealed that the incidence of resistance to streptomycin S was (8/10 ) (80٪) ,spectinomycin SH was ( 8/10 ) (80٪) , gentamycin GN was (0/10 ) ( 0٪ ) , sulphamethozole SXT was (10/10 ) ( 100٪ ) , florfenicol FFC was (9/10 ) (90٪) , tetracycline Te was (10/10 ) (100٪) , ampicillin AMP was (10/10) (100٪) , cefotaxime CTX was (9/10) (90٪), ceftriaxone CRO was (8/10 ) ( 80٪), ampicillin /sulbactam SAM was (10/10 ) (100٪ ) , clindamycin DA was (10/10 ) (100٪ ) , erythromycin E was (10/10 ) (100٪ ) , amoxicillin AX was(10/10 ) (100(٪ and norfloxacin NOR was (0/10) ( 0 (٪ . In this study multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa recovered from diarrhoeic calves were ( 10/10 ) (100 ( ٪ . By PCR of the multidrug- resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from diarrhoeic calves found the incidence of resistance genes were class 1 integrons ( 7 ) ( 70 ٪ ) , blaTEM was (4) ( 40٪ ) , class 2 integron was ( 0 ٪ ) ,blaCMY was ( 0 ٪) ,bla CTX-M was ( 0 ٪ ) and blaSHV was ( 0 ٪ ) . The class 1 integrons which identified in this study captured more than one resistance gene cassette ( aminoglycoside adenyl transferase type A, aadA1, and type B, aadB, which confer resistance to streptomycin and spectinomycin ;dihydrofolate reductase type A, dfrA1, dfrA5 and dfrA17 ,which confer resistance to trimethoprim and chloramphenicol transporter gene, cmlA, which confers resistance to chloramphenicol ) . These multiple resistances increase the public health hazard of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Also in this study blaTEM was detected in 40 % of tested Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates , the fact which means that acquired resistance was also due to production of beta- lactamase.