الفهرس 
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Abstract
SUMMARY
Two field experiments were carried out in the Research Farm at Al-Kawthar, Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, in two successive seasons of 2010/2011 and 2011/2012 to Study the effect of weed control and planting methods on productivity of bread wheat. The randomize complete block design (RCBD) in split-split plot with four replicates was used, where the four weed control treatments (hand weeding twice at 30 and 45 days after sowing, Granstar 75% DF at rate 8 g/fed. at 30 days after sowing, Topik 15 % WP at rate of 140 g/fed. at 40 days after sowing and Granstar 75% DF at rate 8 g/fed. at 30 days after sowing + Topik 15% WP at rate of 140 g/fed. at 40 days after sowing) were allocated in the main plots, as well as the three planting methods (Afir broadcast, Afir drill and Afir in furrows) were assigned in the sub-plot and two varieties (Giza 168 and Sids 12) were placed on the sub-sub-plot. The grains wheat were sown on 29th November and 1st December in the 1st and the 2nd seasons, respectively. The plot area was 10.5 m2 (3 m width x 3.5 m length).
The results could be summarized as follows:
1 – Associated weeds of wheat:
1.1- Dry weight of total annual weeds (g/m2) at 75 day from sowing:
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control had significantly effect on the total annual weeds dry weight in the both seasons. The Sids 12 variety gave the highest reduction values for the total weeds dry weight (g/m2) at 75 day from sowing in both seasons.
- The highest reduction values of total weeds dry weight (98.48 and 92.29 g/m2) were recorded by drill method treatments, while the lowest ones (114.28 and 107.16 g/m2) were recorded by broadcast method treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the highest reduction total weeds dry weight values (40.34 and 43.13 g/m2) , while the Topik 15% WP herbicide gave the lowest ones (186.22 and 178.39 g/m2) treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The highest reduction total weeds dry weight values were obtained by the Sids 12 variety under drill method, while the lowest ones were obtained by the Giza 168 variety under broadcast method interaction treatments in the both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety with the both herbicides together (Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF) gave the highest reduction total weeds dry weight values, while the Giza 168 variety with Topik 15% WP interaction treatments gave the lowest ones in both seasons.
- The highest reduction total weeds dry weight values were realized by drill method with the both herbicides together (Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF), while the lowest ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill method x the both herbicides together (Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF) recorded the highest reduction total weeds dry weight, while the lowest ones were recorded by the Giza 168 variety x broadcast method x Topik 15% WP herbicides interaction treatments in the both seasons.
1.2- Dry weight of total annual weeds (g/m2) at 105 day from sowing:
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control exerted significantly effect on the total annual weeds dry weight in the both seasons. The Sids 12 variety gave the highest reduction values for the total weeds dry weight (g/m2) at 105 day from sowing in both seasons.
- The highest reduction values of total weeds dry weight (124.30 and 118.44 g/m2) were recorded by drill method treatments, while the lowest ones (141.14 and 136.03 g/m2) were recorded by broadcast method treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the highest reduction total weeds dry weight values (65.31 and 59.38 g/m2) , while the Topik 15% WP herbicide gave the lowest ones (212.78 and 207.48 g/m2) treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The highest reduction total weeds dry weight values were obtained by the Sids 12 variety under drill method, while the lowest ones were obtained by the Giza 168 variety under broadcast method interaction treatments in the both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety with the both herbicides together (Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF) gave the highest reduction total weeds dry weight values, while the Giza 168 variety with Topik 15% WP interaction treatments gave the lowest ones in both seasons.
- The highest reduction total weeds dry weight values were realized by drill method with the both herbicides together (Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF), while the lowest ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill method x the both herbicides together (Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF) recorded the highest reduction total weeds dry weight, while the lowest ones were recorded by the Giza 168 variety x broadcast method x Topik 15% WP herbicides interaction treatments in the both seasons.
2- Growth, yield components and yield traits:
2.1- Plant height (cm):
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control exerted significantly effect in the plant height in both seasons.
- The Giza 168 variety gave the tallest plants in both seasons.
- The tallest plants (87.50 and 88.78 cm) were recorded by broadcast method treatment, while the shortest plants (84.59 and 86.82 cm) were recorded by drill method treatment in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP or Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the tallest plants (82.63 and 88.96 cm) or (87.58 and 89.67 cm) without significant difference among them, while the mixture between Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF gave the shortest plants (82.24 and 84.03 cm) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The tallest plants were obtained by Giza 168 variety under planting method in furrows, while the shortest plants were obtained by Sids 12 variety under planting method in furrows interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Giza 168 variety with hand weeding twice interaction treatments gave the tallest plants, while Sids 12 variety with the mixture between Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave the shortest plants in both seasons.
- The tallest plants were realized by either planting methods in furrows with Topik 15% WP herbicide in the 1st season or by drill method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in the 2nd seasons, while the shortest plants were realized by drill method with hand weeding twice interaction treatments in both seasons.
- Either the Giza 168 variety x planting method in furrows x Topik 15% WP herbicide interaction treatments in the 1st season or the same variety x broadcast method x hand weeding twice interaction treatments in the 2nd season were recorded the tallest plants, while the shortest plants were recorded by Sids 12 variety x planting method in furrows x Granstar 75% DF + Topik 15% WP herbicides interaction treatments in both seasons.
2-2- Spike length (cm):
- Spike length had significantly affected by the varieties, planting methods and weed control in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety produced the longest spikes in both seasons.
- The longest spikes (10.32 and 10.88 cm) were recorded by planting method in furrows treatment, while the shortest spikes (9.40 and 9.97 cm) were recorded by broadcast method treatment in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the longest spikes (11.13 and 11.65 cm), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the shortest spikes (9.09 and 9.70 cm) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The longest spikes were obtained by Sids 12 variety under planting method in furrows, while the shortest spikes were obtained by Giza 168 variety under broadcat planting method interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety with the mixture between Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatment gave the longest spikes, while Giza 168 variety with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments gave the shortest spikes in both seasons.
- The longest spikes were realized by planting method in furrows with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments in both seasons, while the shortest spikes were realized by either drill method with Topik 15% WP or by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The Sids 12 variety x planting method in furrows x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments were recorded the longest spikes, while the shortest spikes were recorded by Giza 168 variety x planting method broadcast x hand weeding twice interaction treatments in both seasons.
2-3- Number of spikes/m2:
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control had significantly effect of the number of spikes/m2 in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety was higher number of spikes/m2 than Giza 168 variety in both seasons.
- The highest number of spikes/m2 (324.13 and 366.00) were recorded by drill method treatment, while the lowest ones (293.78 and 336.38) were recorded by broadcast method treatment in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the highest number of spikes/m2 (357.79 and 401.13), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the lowest ones (267.33 and 310.37) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively
- The highest number of spikes/m2 were obtained by Sids 12 variety under drill planting method, while the lowest ones were obtained by Giza 168 variety under broadcast planting method interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave the highest number of spikes/m2, while Giza 168 variety with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments gave the lowest ones in both seasons.
- The highest number of spikes/m2 were realized by drill planting method with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments, while the lowest ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill planting method x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments were recorded the highest number of spikes/m2, while the lowest ones were recorded by Giza 168 variety x broadcast planting method x Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments in both seasons.
2.4- Number of spikeslets/spike:
- The number of spikelets/spike exerted significantly affected by the varieties, planting methods and weed control in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety was higher number of spikelets/spike than Giza 168 variety in both seasons.
- The highest number of spikelets/spike (17.91 and 18.94) were recorded by drill method treatments, while the lowest ones (15.83 and 16.83) were recorded by broadcast method treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the highest number of spikelets/spike (20.07 and 21.11), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the lowest ones (14.49 and 15.54) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The highest number of spikelets/spike were obtained by Sids 12 variety under drill planting method, while the lowest ones were obtained by Giza 168 variety under broadcast planting method interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave the highest number of spikelets/spike, while Giza 168 variety with the Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments gave the lowest ones in both seasons.
- The highest number of spikelets/spike were realized by drill planting method with Topik 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments, while the lowest ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill planting method x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments were recorded the highest number of spikelets/spike, while the lowest ones were recorded by Giza 168 variety x broadcast planting method x Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
2.5- 1000-grain weight (g):
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control had significantly effect on the 1000 grain weight in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety was heavier 1000-grain than Giza 168 variety in both seasons.
- The heaviest 1000-grain (42.55 and 44.23 g) were recorded by drill method treatment, while the thinnest ones (40.65 and 42.38 g) were recorded by broadcast method treatment in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the heaviest 1000-grain (44.02 and 45.58 g), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the thinnest ones (39.50 and 41.32 g) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The heaviest 1000-grain were obtained by Sids 12 variety under drill planting method, while the thinnest ones were obtained by Giza 168 variety under broadcast planting method interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave the heaviest 1000-grain, while Giza 168 variety with the Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments gave the thinnest ones in both seasons.
- The heaviest 1000-grain were realized by drill planting method with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments, while the thinnest ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill planting method x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments recorded the heaviest 1000-grain, while the thinnest ones were recorded by Giza 168 variety x broadcast planting method x Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
2.6- Grain yield (ard./fed.):
- The grain yield/fed. exerted significantly affected by the varieties, planting methods and weed control in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety surpassed in grain yield over Giza 168 variety in both seasons.
- The maximum grain yield/fed. (15.92 and 16.93 ard.) were recorded by drill method treatment, while the minimum ones (14.13 and 15.15 ard.) were recorded by broadcast method treatment in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the maximum grain yield/fed. (17.95 and 18.94 ard.), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the minimum ones (12.53 and 13.53 ard.) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The maximum grain yield/fed. were obtained by Sids 12 variety under drill planting method, while the minimum ones were obtained by Giza 168 variety under broadcast planting method interaction treatments in the 2nd season only.
- The Sids 12 variety with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave the maximum grain yield/fed., while Giza 168 variety with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments gave the minimum ones in the 2nd season only.
- The maximum grain yield/fed. were realized by drill planting method with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments, while the minimum ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill planting method x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments recorded the maximum grain yield/fed., while the minimum ones were recorded by Giza 168 variety x broadcast planting method Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
2.7- Straw yield (ton/fed.):
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control had significantly effect on straw yield/fed. in both seasons.
- The Giza 168 variety surpassed in straw yield/fed. over Sids 12 variety in both seasons.
- The maximum straw yield/fed. (2.61 ton) in the 1st season were recorded by broadcast method as well as, in the 2nd season the maximum straw yield/fed. (3.15 ton) were recorded by planting in furrow method treatments, while the minimum ones (2.53 and 3.10 ton) were recorded by drill method treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Hand weeding twice or Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the maximum straw yield/fed. (2.79 and 3.29 ton) or (2.63 and 3.32 ton), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the minimum ones (2.37 and 2.91 ton) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The maximum straw yield/fed. were obtained by Giza 168 variety under planting method in furrows, while the minimum ones were obtained by Sids 12 variety under broadcast planting method interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Giza 168 variety with hand weeding twice, interaction treatments gave the maximum straw yield/fed., while Sids 12 variety with the Topik 15% WP herbicide interaction treatments gave the minimum ones in the 1st season only.
- The maximum straw yield/fed. were realized by broadcast planting method with hand weeding twice, while the minimum ones were realized by drill method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in the 1st season only.
- Either the Giza 168 variety x planting method in furrows x Topik 15% WP herbicide interaction treatments in the 1st season or the same variety x drill method x hand weeding twice interaction treatments in the 2nd season recorded the maximum straw yield/fed., while the minimum ones were recorded by Giza 168 or Sids 12 variety x drill planting method x Granstar 75% DF in the 1st season along with Sids 12 variety x broadcast method x the same herbicide interaction treatments in the 2nd season.
2.8- Biological yield (ton/fed.):
- The biological yield/fed. exerted significantly affected by the varieties, planting methods and weed control in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety surpassed in biological yield/fed. over Giza 168 variety in both seasons.
- The maximum biological yield/fed. (4.92 and 5.64 ton) were recorded by drill method treatments, while the minimum ones (4.73 and 5.39 ton) were recorded by broadcast method treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides gave the maximum biological yield/fed. (5.32 and 6.11 ton), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the minimum ones (4.25 and 4.94 ton) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The maximum biological yield/fed. were obtained by Sids 12 variety under drill planting method, while the minimum ones were obtained by Giza 168 variety under broadcast planting method interaction treatments in the 1st season only.
- The Sids 12 variety with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave maximum biological yield/fed., while the Giza 168 variety with the Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments gave the minimum ones in both seasons.
- The maximum biological yield/fed. were realized by planting method in furrows with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments, while the minimum ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x drill planting method x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments recorded the maximum biological yield/fed., while the minimum ones were recorded by Giza 168 variety x broadcast planting method x Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
3- Quality traits:
* Crude protein in grain percentage (%):
- The varieties, planting methods and weed control had significantly effect on the protein in grain % in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety was the higher protein % than Giza 168 variety in both seasons.
- The highest protein values (10.87 or 11.68%) were recorded by either planting method in furrows or by drill method treatment, while the lowest ones (11.00 and 11.27%) were recorded by either broadcast or in furrows planting method treatments in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- Either the Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides or hand weeding twice gave the highest protein values (11.31 and 11.70%) or (11.26 and 11.77%), while the Granstar 75% DF herbicide gave the lowest ones (10.36 and 11.09%) in the 1st and 2nd seasons, respectively.
- The highest protein % were obtained by Sids 12 variety under broadcast planting method, while the lowest ones were obtained by Giza 168 variety either under broadcast or in furrows planting methods interaction treatments in the 2nd season only.
- The Sids 12 variety with the Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments gave the highest protein %, while Giza 168 variety with the Topik 15% WP herbicide interaction treatments gave the lowest ones in both seasons.
- The highest protein % were realized by broadcast planting method with Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments, while the lowest ones were realized by broadcast method with Granstar 75% DF herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.
- The Sids 12 variety x broadcast planting method x Topic 15% WP + Granstar 75% DF herbicides interaction treatments recorded the highest protein %, while the lowest ones were recorded by Giza 168 variety x planting method in furrows x Topic 15% WP herbicide interaction treatments in both seasons.