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Abstract
The present study aimed to detect the risks of contamination
resulting from the activities for some industrial factories which
discharge their untreated effluents into freshwater sources in Egypt.
Also to show the relationship between the algal groups and some
physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals for the collected water
samples with industrial pollutants from Nile River and Ismailia Canal.
Water samples were collected seasonally (July 2010-June 2011)
from Ismailia Canal in Abou Za’abal Al-Qalubia governorate in front
of two factories (Fertilizer and Alum factories, 9 samples for each) as
well as water samples were collected from the River Nile, AlHawamdia, Giza, Egypt in front of the sugar factory (6 samples).
This study also aimed to emphasize the use of vinasse (byproduct from sugarcane industry) as a medium for cultivation of three
microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (green algae), Spirulina platensis and
Nostoc commune (blue green algae) for biomass production.
-1-physico chemical factors:
Temperature:
Temperature values showed that water temperatures ranged
between 18oC during winter and 38oC during summer for the
Fertilizer factory and ranged from 18oC during winter and 35oC
during summer for the Alum factory. And recorded 22oC during
winter and 40oC during summer for the Sugar factory.
pH:
pH values in most of the samples on the alkaline side recorded
the highest value of 8.00 was recorded at site 2 during spring and the
lowest value of 7.10 at all sites during summer for the Fertilizer
ranged between 7.00 during summer and 8.30 in winter for Alum factory, while it ranged between 7.50 during winter and 8.60 during
spring for Sugar factory.
Electrical Conductivity (EC):
Values of electrical conduction in the most valuable recorded
samples are high especially in the Fertilizer factory which registered
values ranged between 221.6 μmhos/cm during autumn and 398
μmhos/cm during winter for the Fertilizer factory, it ranged from
217.1 μmhos/cm during autumn and 350 μmhos/cm during summer
for the Alum factory and ranged from 180.6 μmhos/cm during spring
and 348 μmhos/cm during winter for the Sugar factory.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO):
Dissolved oxygen values ranged from 3.72 mg/L at site 1 in the
summer, 16.84 mg/L at site 3 in winter for the Fertilizer factory and
6.38 mg/L during the summer and 15.89 mg/L during winter for Alum
factory, while the values 5.82 mg/L in summer and 28.31 mg/L during
winter for the Sugar factory.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):
BOD values ranged from 3.4 mg/L in the autumn and 15.8 mg/L
in summer for the Fertilizer factory and between 1.9 mg/L during
winter and 13.3 mg/L in the spring for the Alum factory. While the
values are very high in Sugar factory area ranged from 36.01 mg/L
during winter and 93.7 mg/L during the summer.
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):
COD values ranged from 38.4 mg/L during winter and fall and
128.00 mg/L in the spring for the Fertilizer factory and between 23.1
mg/L during the fall semester and 115.3 mg/L in summer for Alum
factory. While very high values recorded at the Sugar factory ranged
from 53.61 mg/L during autumn and 191.00 mg/L during the summer.Total Dissolved Solids (TDS):
TDS recorded values ranged between 162.9 mg/L at site 1 in
spring and 301.9 mg/L at site 2 during winter for the Fertilizer factory,
it ranged between 145.9 mg/L during autumn and 201.6 mg/L in
spring for the Alum factory and among the 159.6 mg/L in summer,
233.3 mg/L during winter for the Sugar factory.
Total Suspended Solids (TDS):
TSS ranged values recorded for total suspended solids between
4.00 mg/L at site 2 in the summer, and 128.00 mg/L at site 3 in winter
for the Fertilizer factory, and 12.00 mg/L in summer and 143.00 mg/L
during winter for the Alum factory and 28.23 mg/L during the spring
and 292.62 mg/L during winter for the Sugar factory.
Total alkalinity:
Alkalinity values were always higher in the Nile River in the
Sugar factory, ranging from 100.6 mg/L during winter to the highest
value 158.4 mg/L in spring. In the vicinity of the Fertilizer factory
recorded the highest proportion of alkaline 173.7 mg/L during
summer while the lowest was 85.2 mg/L during winter and in the
vicinity of the Alum factory the highest value of 152.15 mg/L was
recorded during summer while the lowest value was 103.5 mg/L
during spring.
Ammonia (NH3):
The highest value of 16.40 mg/L at site 1 during summer while
the lowest value of 3.30 mg/L at site 1 in spring at the Fertilizer
factory, while the highest value of 16.80 mg/L was recorded at site 1
during winter, the lowest value 2.86 mg/L at site 3 in summer for the
Alum factory. Finally the Sugar factory record values for ammonia
less than other factories where values ranged from 1.99 mg/L during
spring and 2.00 mg/L during autumn.Nitrate (NO3):
The highest value of NO3 was 29.6 mg/L at site 3 in summer,
while the lowest value of 0.08 mg/L at site 2 during winter for the
Fertilizer factory. The highest value of 29.2 mg/L at site 2 during
summer while the lowest value of 2.00 mg/L at site 3 in autumn for
the Alum factory. Finally the Sugar factory recorded nitrate values
ranged from 1.02 mg/L during winter and 23.00 mg/L in spring.
Phosphate (PO4):
The highest value of phosphate 2.15 mg/L at site 1 during
autumn, while minimum 00.12 mg/L at site 1 in spring at the Fertilizer
factory. The highest value 1.48 mg/L at site 3 in autumn while
minimum value of 0.02 mg/L at site 1 in summer for the Alum
factory. Finally the Sugar factory recorded values of phosphates from
09.26 mg/L during spring, 3.83 mg/L during autumn.
Major ions:
Sulphates (SO4):
SO4 recorded the highest value of 81.90 mg/L during winter,
while the lowest value 9.13 mg/L was during summer for the
Fertilizer factory. The highest value of 40.00 mg/L was during spring
while the lowest value of 10.00 mg/L was during summer for the
Alum factory. Finally the Sugar factory recorded values of sulphate
ranged from 42.00 mg/L during winter and 19.50 mg/L during
summer.
Chlorides (Cl):
The highest values of chlorides 38.6 mg/L was during winter,
while the lowest value of 18.7 mg/L was during spring in the Fertilizer
factory. The Alum factory like the values of chlorides are close
together throughout the year with the highest value and lowest value
during autumn 25.75 mg/L and 18.7 mg/L. The Sugar factory recorded values ranged between 44.5 mg/L during spring and 15.2
mg/L in summer.
Calcium (Ca):
Calcium values recorded range of values between 12.60 mg/L at
site 1 in spring, 35.48 mg/L at site 2 in summer for the Fertilizer
factory, and 15.40 mg/L during autumn and 30.73 mg/L during
summer for the Alum factory and 19.90 mg/L during spring and 1.00
mg/L during the same season for the Sugar factory.
Magnesium (Mg):
Magnesium registered values ranged between 9.0 mg/L during
spring, and 21.4 mg/L during winter for the Fertilizer factory, and 7.6
mg/L during autumn and 3 mg/L during winter for the Alum factory.
And between 6.7 mg/L during autumn and 14.8 mg/L during spring
season for the Sugar factory.
Sodium (Na):
The present study recorded sodium value of 24 mg/l during
summer, and 43 mg/L during winter for the Fertilizer factory, and 20
mg/L in summer and 24 mg/L in spring for the Alum factory. And 23
mg/L in summer and 40 mg/l during winter season for Sugar factory.
Potassium:
Potassium values recorded the lowest value among all dissolved
salts, varied between 3 mg/L and 4 mg/L for all factories and 5 mg/L
in winter only for the Sugar factory.
Heavy metal:
The results showed slight seasonal variations of the
concentrations of heavy metals (cadmium, cobalt, zinc, chromium,
copper, iron, manganese, known reserves, nickel, lead, aluminum,
Silicon, vanadium and strontium). The most heavy metals values were low except certain elements such as aluminum, iron, vanadium,
silicon and strontium.
The existing crop of phytoplankton:
The present results showed a remarkable diversity of
phytoplankton communities. 157 species have been identified which
belonging to 81 genera and represented by 6 groups they are:
Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta, Dinophyta
and Cryptophyta.
The standing crop of phytoplankton as a whole ranged between
650.7 x 106 individuals/L in the Fertilizer factory area during the study
period and 565.87 x 106 individuals/L in the Alum factory area at
Abou Za’abal and also recorded a 568.71 x 106 individuals/L in the
Sugar factory area at Al-Hawamdyia. The increase in phytoplankton
standing crop, high concentrations of nutrients and the weakness of
the variation in the species are marks for saturated pollution places.
Bacillariophyta:
Bacillariophyta occupied the first predominant group with a
percentage of 41.25% of the total phytoplankton for the Fertilizer
factory and by 41.5% for the Alum factory and also by 36.76% for
the Sugar factory. It represented by 30 species belonging to 17 genera
for each of the three factories. Cyclotella meneghiniana, Synedra acus
and Synedra ulna were the most prevalent species which are all
evidence of saturation.
Chlorophyta:
Chlorophyta occupied the second predominant group with a
percentage of 58.29% of the total phytoplankton for the Fertilizer
factory and by 28.04% for the Alum factory and also by 31.24% for
the Sugar factory. It represented by 71 species for Fertilizer and Alum
factories for each and 69 species for Sugar factory. Also it represented by 32 genera for each factory. The most prevalent specie were
Chlorococcum humicolo, Chlorella volgari, Dictyosphaerium
pulchellum and Dictyosphaerium subsolitarium. Which are all
evidence of saturation.
Cyanophyta:
Blue-green algae represent the third predominant group with a
percentage of 28.04% of the total phytoplankton for Fertilizer factory
and by 28.85% for Alum factory and also by 29.41% for the Sugar
factory. It represented by 44 species belonging to 25 genera for each
of the three factories. The most prevalent species were Aphanothece
caltharata, Aphanothece capsicola, Aphanothece bullosa and
Gleucapsa turgidus which are registered as evidence of saturation.
Euglenophyta:
Euglenophyta represent the fourth predominant group which
exited by 0.59% of the total phytoplankton for Fertilizer factory and
by 0.91% for the Alum factory, as well as by 1.43% for the Sugar
factory. It represented by 7 species belonged to 3 genera for each of
the three factories. The most prevalent species were Phacus caudatus,
Euglena aquas and Trachelomonas graulosa. Euglena aquas and
Phacus caudatus were recorded as evidence of pollution.
Dinophyta:
Dinophyta ranked the fifth algal group which represented by
0.32% of the total phytoplankton for Fertilizer factory and by 0.42%
for the Alum factory, as well as 0.88% for the Sugar factory. It
represented by three species belonged to 3 genera for each of the three
factories.
Cryptophyta:
Cryptophyta was the less group of the total phytoplankton.
Cryptophyta occupied the sixth algal group which existed by 0.22%
for Fertilizer factory and by 0.28% for Alum factory and also by 0.27% for Sugar factory. It represented by two species belonged to
one genus for each of the three factories.
Chlorophyll a:
Chlorophyll-a values ranged between a highest value of 213.2
mg/L during spring and a lowest value of 45.2 mg/L during autumn
for Fertilizer factory. It ranged from the highest value of 192.47 mg/L
during summer and the lowest value of 35.30 mg/L during autumn for
Alum factory. Also it ranged between the highest value of 358.8 mg/L
during spring and the lowest value of 90.79 mg/L during autumn for
Sugar factory.
The present study of some physico-chemical parameters and
their impacts on the standing crop of phytoplankton and primary
production indicated that:
1- The maximum number of phytoplankton species counted
was belonging to class Bacillariophyceae which represents
the first productive one.
2- Chlorophyll-a content is more or less similar to the pattern
of phytoplankton counts. The sites nearby the drains and
after the drains recorded the highest number of Total
phytoplankton standing crop and the content of chlorophylla.
3- The primary production (net production) in River Nile and
Ismailia canal varied from season to another and with the
load of nutrient salts in addition to phytoplankton species
and their numbers.
4- Physico-chemical conditions affected the primary
production with different patterns according to the results of
statistical analysis.
5- River Nile and Ismailia canal are considered as an eutrophic
due to nutrient levels and a few species of phytoplankton are usually responsible for increased numbers of the community
especially in front and after drains.
Biomass Production for three Microalgae Using Vinasse as
Cultivation Medium.
One pure strain of a green alga (Chlorella vulgaris) and two
pure strains of blue green algae (Spirulina platensis and Nostoc
commune) were used for utilization of sugarcane digested vinasse as
cultivation medium for algae. The three microalgae were grown on six
various concentrations of vinasse from 0.01% to 0.03 and from 0.1%
to 0.3% for 21 and 35 days. The present investigation showed that
digested vinasse contained ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3), phosphate
(PO4), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), Sodium (Na), Potassium (K)
and high Electric Conductivity (EC). The highest productivity of
biomass for Chlorella vulgaris (368 x 106 individuals/L) was observed
when using 0.3% vinasse medium, for Nostoc commune (1400 x 106
individuals/L) when using 0.01% medium and for Spirulina platensis
(200 x 106 individuals/L) when using 0.02% medium. The period of
35 days (second period) was better than 21 days (first period) for the
growth of the three examined algae. No algal growth was observed
when using higher concentrations of vinasse (from 1% to 6%). The
present results show that it is possible to integrate the culturing of
microalgae with sugarcane industry by-product (vinasse) by means of
anaerobic digestion.