الفهرس 
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Abstract
Crude oil and other petroleum products are crucial to the global
economy today due to increasing energy demand approximately (~1.5%)
per year and significant oil remaining after primary and secondary oil
recovery (~45-55% of original oil in place, OOIP), which accelerates the
development of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technologies to maximize
the recovered oil amount by non-conventional methods. Polymer flooding
through hydrophobically associated polyacrylamides (HAPAM) is a
widely implemented EOR-technique to maximize recovered oil amount, so they attracted much attention on both academic and industrial laboratories for polymer flooding in enhanced oil recovery applications. These polymers class synthesized by grafting or incorporating hydrophobic chain cross-linking segments onto their hydrophilic main chain.
In this study, the authors reported about synthesis of polymeric surfmer
(surface-active monomers) which have amphiphilic structure with polymerizable
vinyl double bonds in the molecular structure resulting in novel properties
distinct from conventional surfactants. Hydrophobically associating
polyacrylamide (HAPAM) prepared by free radical emulsion polymerization of
acrylamide (AM) monomer, divinyl sulfone as hydrophobic crosslinked moiety
and surfmers, to chemically anchor a surfmer and hydrophobic crosslinker
moiety onto the back bone of acrylamide chain. After that, polymeric
nanocomposite was prepared through copolymerization of prepared HAPAM
with different molar ratios of silica nanoparticles through one shot synthesis.
The effects of initiator concentration, monomer concentration, silica
concentration, cross linker concentration, surfmers concentration and reaction
temperature on apparent viscosity of the product were determined using single-
factor and orthogonal experiments.
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Abstract
Chemical structure of the prepared composites were proven through
different techniques such as fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR),
proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic
resonance (13C-NMR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution
transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), while
particle size and particle size distribution were characterized by dynamic light
scattering (DLS) and thermal properties characterized by thermal gravimetric
analysis(TGA) and differential scanning Calorimetry(DSC). Rheological
properties for the prepared composites were evaluated at simulated severe
reservoir conditions of high temperature and high ionic strength to test their
compatibility for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) applications.
Flooding experiments carried out through one-dimensional sandstone packed model at simulated reservoir conditions, where recovered oil amount calculated to determine recovery factor. Moreover, the novel composites ability for rock wettability alteration was investigated through contact angle measurement by static sessile DROP method.
The obtained results show high resistance factor (RF) and residual
resistance factor (RRF) values, also oil recovery reach to 48-60% of residual oil saturation (Sor), in addition to their ability to alter wettability of sandstone rock from oil-wet to water-wet, consequently increase recovered oil amount. The preliminary feasibility study indicates positive economics for enhanced oil recovery through applications of the novel composites. This indicates that the new composites are promising EOR candidates at harsh reservoir conditions of high salinity and high temperature.