الفهرس 
INTRODUCTION
Etiology and reservoirsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The world is facing the real threat of another influenza pandemic with a virus that has a great pathogenicity and a mortality rate in humans exceeding 50%. Since 2006, Egypt has been experiencing outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 which belongs to the Influenza A virus species (family Orthomyxoviridae), AI are usually present in their natural hosts (aquatic birds) without any symptoms but infect domestic poultry with different clinical signs.
Despite the high level of technology and ongoing research, at the present time there is no highly effective human vaccine against avian influenza H5N1 virus that can be manufactured commercially on a large scale for use at low doses.
This study aimed to make rapid screening for diagnosis of avian influenza infection in poultry, confirm the suspect cases of avian influenza infection in poultry & human by using the molecular techniques as well as questionnaire about the disease covering the population in Assiut Governorate.
In this study 145 cloacal swabs were collected from different centers of Assiut Governorate include 109 cloacal swabs from chickens (60, 39 and 10 from farms, houses and live bird markets, respectively) and 10 cloacal swabs from turkeys from live bird markets as well as 26 cloacal swabs from ducks (19,4 and 3 from houses, live bird markets and street howkers, respectively).Street howkers birds showed the highest prevalence of avian influenza in Assiut Governorate by using rapid avian influenza virus antigen test (100%) followed by live bird markets, houses and farms (58.3%, 36.2% and 11.7%); respectively. The prevalence of avian influenza among chickens, ducks and turkeys were (11.7%, 0%, 0%); (12.8%, 84.2%, 0%); (0%, 100%, 100%) and (0%, 100%, 0%) in farms, houses, live bird markets and street howkers; respectively. The highest prevalence was recorded between both ducks and turkeys (100%) while, it was 11% among chickens.
The highest infection rate by using rapid avian influenza virus antigen test was recorded in El Badary city (100%) followed by Diurout, Sahel Sleem, Abnub and El Qusia cities (57.1%, 30.4%, 28% and 22.6%); respectively, while the lowest prevalence were in both El Ghanieum and El Fath cities (10% and 9.1%); respectively.
The prevalence of avian influenza by using Real Time-PCR (AI) and Real Time-PCR (H5) were (100%,100%); (71.4%,71.4%); (95.2%, 95.2%) and (85.7%, 71.4%) in street howkers, live bird markets, houses and farms; respectively.
Concerning to human influenza A total of 50 throat swabs were collected from persons in contact with infected poultry, the prevalence of avian influenza was 2% by using Real Time-PCR, females were more susceptible (5.26%) than males (0%). The highest prevalence was recorded in houseswives (5.26) while no infection was recorded among workers, sellers and veterinarians. Moreover, higher prevalence of avian influenza in rural areas (2.86%) than urban regions. Mid age group (12-40 years) was the susceptible age group (2.86%) while no infection was recorded among the other age groups.
The analytic data from 500 housewives and people at high risk of infection with avian influenza virus through interviewing questionnaire to evaluate knowledge showed that all the studied group heard about avian influenza disease and the main source of information was television (84%) in house wives and high risk group followed by reading (9%) and the types of knowledge represent (7%).
from the obtained results in this study, avian influenza exists in Assiut Governorates, which represent a serious public health and veterinary problem that need an urgent control strategies.