الفهرس 
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Abstract
Water pollution occurs when a body of water is adversely affected due to the addition of large amounts of materials to the water. Heavy metals such as: Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd constitute a major problem because they are toxic and tend to accumulate in the body organs which fish may absorb from food and accumulate them in the tissues. The toxicity of pollutants and their effect on physiological and biochemical parameters of fresh water fish in O. niloticus, is the theme of this study. El- Khadrawia drain is one of the important drainage canals present in Quesna – Al Menoufiya Province– Egypt. Mubarak Industrial Zone is located on the left El- Khadrawia drain km 19,600 until at km 29 of El- Khadrawia drain and discharges industrial wastes in this drain besides the sewage and other wastes from adjacent villages. So, El- Khadrawia drain is considered an agricultural, industrial and sewage drain. Water and fish O. niloticus, males or females, samples were collected seasonally for one year during 2011. Two sites were chosen for this study; the River Nile, El- Kanater El- Khairyia (non – polluted site A) and El- Khadrawia drain, Mubarak Industrial Zone, Quesna – Menoufiya (polluted sites B, C and D). Fish samples of the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus that collected from the River Nile, El- Kanater El- Khairyia (non – polluted site A) weight from 118.45 to 330.3 g, 135.66 to 356.04 g and the length ranged from 18.4 to 28.8 cm, 18.2 to 26.1 cm for male and female, respectively. While fish samples that collected from El- Khadrawia drain, Quesna – Menoufiya (polluted fish samples – polluted site) weight from 70.06 to 246.94 g, 66.48 to 196.09 g and the length ranged from 15.2 to 25.2 cm, 14.1 to 21.2 cm for male and female, respectively. Site (A): The River Nile, El- Kanater El- Khairyia as non-polluted site. Site (B): Drainage water before El-Khadrawia drain with about 3.5 km. Site (C): Drainage water at El-Khadrawia drain - Mubarak Industrial Zone, Quesna – Menoufiya – Egypt. Site (D): Drainage water after El-Khadrawia drain with about 3.5 km. The following is a summary of the most important results: I- Water analyses: Physico-chemical analysis: Temperature: The minimum value of temperature found in winter was 17.8 °C in the River Nile at site (A) and the maximum value found in summer was 32.63 °C in El- Khadrawia drain in site (C). Dissolved oxygen (D.O): The minimum value of dissolved oxygen found during winter, summer and autumn was 0.03 mg/l in El- Khadrawia drain in site (C) and the maximum value of dissolved oxygen was 6.66 mg/l found in the River Nile at site ( A) during the summer. Electrical conductivity (E.C): Electrical conductivity in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain ranged from 1.418 ds/m in summer to 6.72 ds/m in winter and electrical conductivity in water collected from the River Nile ranged from 0.361 ds/m in summer to 0.438 ds/m in winter. Hydrogen ion concentration (pH): Seasonal variations of pH values in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain and the River Nile varied from 7.15 at site (B) during spring to 7.87 at site (A) during winter. Salinity: Salinity values in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain varied from 0.8 at site (B) during summer to 3.6 at site (C) during winter. Turbidity (NTU): Seasonal variations of turbidity in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain and the River Nile varied from 0.14 (NTU) at site (A) during summer to 326 (NTU) in site (C) during winter. Total dissolved solids (TDS): Total dissolved solids in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain ranged from 908 mg/l at site (B) during summer to 4301 mg/l at site (C) during winter and total dissolved solids in water collected from the River Nile in site (A) ranged from 232 mg/l in summer to 280 mg/l in winter. Total alkalinity: The minimum value of total alkalinity found at site (A) during the summer 181 mg/l in the River Nile while, the maximum value at site (C) during winter was 1500 mg/l in El- Khadrawia drain. Ammonia: The maximum value of ammonia showed 54.65 mg/l at site (C) of El- Khadrawia drain (polluted area) during winter but the minimum value showed > 0.01 mg/l at site (A) of the River Nile during summer. Chemical analyses Biological oxygen demand (BOD): The higher value of biological oxygen demand showed 980 mg/l at site (C) of El- Khadrawia drain (polluted area) during winter but the lower value showed 7 mg/l at site (A) of the River Nile during summer. Chemical oxygen demand (COD): The lower value of chemical oxygen demand showed 16 mg/l at site (A) of the River Nile during summer, while the higher value of chemical oxygen demand showed 4000 mg/l at site (C) of El- Khadrawia drain (polluted area) during winter. Major cations: Cations such as: sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium exhibited the lower values at site (A) in water collected from the River Nile (non-polluted area) in summer and the higher values showed at site (C) in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain (polluted area) in winter. Total hardness (T.H): The maximum value of total hardness in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain was noticed at site (C) during winter (845.9 mg/l), but the minimum value obtained at site (B) during summer 259.6 mg/l. Major anions: Anions such as; chloride, sulphate, nitrite and nitrate showed the maximum values in water collected from El- Khadrawia drain and the River Nile during winter and the minimum values observed in summer but phosphate concentrations measured at all different sites of El- Khadrawia drain (polluted area) and the River Nile (non-polluted area) during all seasons were recorded <0.2 mg/l (instrument’s detection limits). Trace elements: 1- Aluminum: The maximum concentrations of aluminum in water of El- Khadrawia drain was 1.178 mg/l at site (C) during autumn, while the minimum value was recorded in winter in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 2- Iron: The maximum values of iron in water of El- Khadrawia drain was 0.972 mg/l at site (C) during autumn, while the minimum value was recorded in summer in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 3- Zinc: The maximum concentrations of zinc in El- Khadrawia drain was 27.49 mg/l in site (C) during summer, while the minimum value was recorded in autumn in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 4- Copper: The maximum concentrations of copper in water of El- Khadrawia drain in water was 0.311mg/l at site (C) during spring, while the minimum value was recorded in summer in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 5- Lead: The maximum concentrations of lead in water of El- Khadrawia drain was 0.049 mg/l at site (C) during autumn, while the minimum value was recorded in winter and spring in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 6- Cadmium: Cadmium concentrations measured at all different sites of El- Khadrawia drain (polluted area) and the River Nile (non-polluted area) during all seasons were recorded <0.0005 mg/l (instrument’s detection limits). II- Fish analyses: Accumulation of trace elements in different organs of fish Oreochromis niloticus 1- Aluminum: a- White muscle: Aluminum concentrations in the muscles of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain were highly significantly increased (p < 0.05) during all seasons in comparison with non- polluted site (A). b- Liver: The concentrations of aluminum in livers of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain were highly significantly increased (p < 0.05) during all seasons in comparison with non- polluted site (A) c- Gonads (testis & ovary): Aluminum contents in testis and ovary of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain showed highly significant increases (p < 0.05) during all seasons in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 2- Iron: a- White muscle: Iron concentrations in muscles of Oreochromis niloticus reached from 61.908 mg/kg dry wt. in summer and 1264.52 mg/kg dry wt. in winter and from 115.09 mg/kg dry wt. in spring to 357.68 mg/kg dry wt. in summer for males and females, respectively. b- Liver: The iron concentrations in liver of Oreochromis niloticus reached 312.04 mg/kg dry wt. in autumn and 2471.52 mg/kg dry wt. in spring and from 275.01 mg/kg dry wt. in autumn, but 1682.84 mg/kg dry wt. in summer for males and females, respectively. c- Gonads (testis & ovary): The maximum value recorded was 5230.004 mg/kg dry wt. in testis of male Oreochromis niloticus during spring, whereas, the maximum value recorded 2251.25 mg/kg dry wt. during spring in ovary of female Oreochromis niloticus in comparison with non- polluted site (A). 3- Zinc: a- White muscle: Zinc concentrations in the muscles of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain showed significant increases (p < 0.05) at El- Khadrawia drain during all seasons in comparison with non – polluted site (A). b- Liver: The concentrations of zinc in the liver of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain were significantly increased (p < 0.05) at El- Khadrawia drain during all seasons in comparison with non-polluted site (A). c- Gonads (testis & ovary): Zinc concentrations in testis and ovary of male and female fish samples Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain were significant increase (p < 0.05) at El- Khadrawia drain during all seasons in comparison with non – polluted site (A). 4- Copper: a- White muscle: The copper concentrations in muscles of Oreochromis niloticus reached from 21.197 mg/kg dry wt. in spring to 69.772 mg/kg dry wt. in winter and from 16.214 mg/kg dry wt. in spring to 69.821 mg/kg dry wt. in summer for male and female, respectively. b- Liver: Copper content in livers of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain were clearly obvious significantly increased (p < 0.05) at El- Khadrawia drain during all seasons in comparison with non- polluted site (A). c- Gonads (testis & ovary): The concentrations of copper in testis and ovary of Oreochromis niloticus reached from 329.27 mg/kg dry wt. in winter to 532.97 mg/kg dry wt. in summer and from 88.415 mg/kg dry wt. in spring to 560.57 mg/kg dry wt. in winter for males and females, respectively. 5- Lead: a- White muscle: The concentrations of lead in male fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from polluted area showed significant changes (P < 0.05) at site (B) of El- Khadrawia drain during winter and summer, while lead concentrations in female showed significant changes (P < 0.05) at site (B) of El- Khadrawia drain during winter, summer and autumn in comparison with non- polluted site (A). b-Liver: The higher concentrations of lead recorded 9.102 mg/kg dry wt. during winter in liver of male Oreochromis niloticus, while, the higher concentrations of lead recorded 19.206 mg/kg dry wt. during autumn in liver of female Oreochromis niloticus. c-Gonads (testis & ovary): The maximum value of lead concentrations recorded in testis and ovary of fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus during winter were 33.554 mg/kg dry wt. and 22.93 mg/kg dry wt. during autumn in males and females, respectively. 6- Cadmium: Cadmium content in the muscles, liver, testis and ovary of male and female fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain as polluted site (B) and the River Nile as non- polluted Site (A) were recorded <0.0005 mg/kg dry wt. (instrument’s detection limits) during all seasons. Finally, these results represented the accumulation of all metals concentrations (mg/kg dry wt.) in the different organs of male and female of Oreochromis niloticus were shown in the following order : Gonads > liver > muscles. Hepatosomatic index (HSI): Hepatosomatic index values of the livers of male and female fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain showed significant changes (P < 0.05) in livers at polluted area (site B) in spring in comparison with non- polluted site (A). Gonadosomatic index (GSI): Gonadosomatic index values in the testis and ovary of male and female of fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain were showned significant changes (P < 0.05) in the testis and ovary at polluted area (site B) during spring in comparison with non- polluted site (A). Biochemical analyses: Total protein: The maximum decrease of total proteins content livers of fish samples of Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain was observed during winter and recorded 65.732 and 66.719 mg/g wt. weight in males and females, respectively in comparison with non- polluted site (A). Total hepatic lipids: Seasonal variations in total lipids content in the liver of male and female fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain recorded the maximum decrease of lipids content (30.317 mg/g wt. weight) in male during winter, and also the maximum decrease of lipids content recorded was 30.792 mg/g wt. weight in female during winter in comparison with non- polluted site (A). Hepatic glycogen: The maximum decrease of glycogen content in the liver fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain was observed in winter and recorded 0.022 and 0.017 mg/g wt. weight in male and female fishes, respectively in compared to non- polluted site (A). Hepatic DNA (deoxy ribonucleic acids) : The maximum decrease of DNA content in the liver of fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain recorded 1.285 mg/g wt. weight and 1.498 mg/g wt. weight in male and female, respectively during winter in comparison with non- polluted site (A). Hepatic RNA (ribonucleic acids): The maximum decrease of RNA content in the liver of fish Oreochromis niloticus collected from El- Khadrawia drain recorded 2.582 mg/g wt. weight in males during winter during winter, while the maximum decrease of RNA content recorded 1.161 mg/g wt. weight in liver of females during winter in comparison with non- polluted site (A).