الفهرس 
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Abstract
The molecular epidemiological studies for FMDV, BoHV-1 and BEV infection in Egypt revealed the need of molecular epidemiology study for the circulated viral causing diseases. The molecular epidemiology can improve understanding of natural history of the disease, characterization of disease causing agents, and the development of more effective vaccines.
In this study, sequencing of viral isolates from clinically infected cattle in Egypt confirmed the presence of FMDV using conserved 3D gene primer. The isolates were further differentiated into three different serotypes, A, O and SAT-2 based on sequencing of 1D gene. Serotype A is more closely related to Asian A strains from Iraq and Bahrain which originated in Iran indicating that emerging Asian strains may pose a new risk for Egypt. Serotypes O in this study, was identical to strains from Yemen, Iran and Turkey and matched completely with O1 Egypt strain isolated in 1972 indicating that these strains are still prevalent in the country and may play a role in disease outbreaks. However, O serotypes in this study had only 89% identity with recent Egyptian strains from 2010 (KC565752 and KC565753) indicating that more than one subtype of O is present in the country. Serotype SAT-2 in this study matched 100% with those isolated during 2012 outbreaks in Egypt and Gaza. The Egyptian and Gaza SAT-2 serotypes may have the same origin due to unrestricted, trans-regional animal movement which is common in Africa due to free Bedouin movement. In conclusion the A, O and SAT2 serotypes of Asian origin are still circulate in the country. Discovery of both A and O serotypes, in spite of widespread vaccination against them, may indicate vaccine failures. We recommend that the country should exercise more precaution during importation of living animals and meat from various Asian countries. There is also a need to design epidemiological studies and a national FMDV knowledge bank reporting all the starting and spreading points of FMD.